tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-67339127734272914982024-03-19T04:07:47.456-07:00Erna Mahyuniernamahyunihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12801893357456165272noreply@blogger.comBlogger12125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6733912773427291498.post-89001165320795047102013-05-12T02:17:00.001-07:002013-05-12T02:17:34.651-07:00SISTEM PENCERNAAN<!--[if !mso]>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6733912773427291498" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6733912773427291498" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6733912773427291498" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6733912773427291498" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6733912773427291498" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br />
ORGAN SISTEM PENCERNAAN</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Meliputi : </span></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pancreas (Fungsi Eksokrin)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Hepar </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kandung Empedu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">SIFAT UMUMSIFAT
UMUM</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Dinding Usus
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Lapisan:
dari luar ke dalam </span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Serosa </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot longitudinal</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot sirkuler </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sub mukosa </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Mukosa </span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">PENGONTROLAN<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>SARAF</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1. Sistem
persarafan Enterik </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 38.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pleksus Myenterik
Auerbach </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 38.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Letak : ant
lap.otot longitudinal – sirkuler</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 38.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sifat : motorik - mengontrol gerak usus</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 38.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pleksus
submukus Meissner </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Letak : di lapisan submukosa </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sifat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>: sensorik - mengontrol<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sekresi </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2. Otonomik </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a. <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Parasimpatik </span>: N. Vagus </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- meningkatkan gerak/sekresi usus </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">b. <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Simpatik</span> :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- menurunkan gerak / sekresi usus </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Refleks
Gastrointestinal</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Refleks
myenterik : Pleksus Auerbach &<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Meissner
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dari usus </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">
prevertebral gl simpatik </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">usus </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l10 level4 lfo3; tab-stops: list 2.0in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Refleks Gastrokolik<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l10 level4 lfo3; tab-stops: list 2.0in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Refleks Enterogastrik </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l10 level4 lfo3; tab-stops: list 2.0in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Refleks Kolonoileal </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">. Dari usus </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> medulla
spinalis /otak </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> usus </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo4; tab-stops: list 2.0in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Refleks defekasi </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Refleks
myenterik </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Timbul :
bila usus terisi makanan </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> merangs Miesnerr / Auerbach </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">à<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">refleks
gerak usus<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">à<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">refleks
sekresi usus </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Refleks
Gastrokolik</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Signal dari Lambung
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(mis. Lambung yg terisi makanan / irritasi )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menimbulkan refleks di kolon <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(<u>meningkatkan</u> gerakan kolon: gerak
mass) </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Refleks
Enterogastrik</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Signal dari
usus, mis:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- usus penuh / infeksi / irritasi </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- mengandung banyak protein, lemak </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- osmol, pH belum netral </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> menimbulkan
refleks <u>hambatan</u> pengosongan lambung </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Refleks
Kolonoileal </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">- Signal
dari kolon ( mis. Kolon yg penuh / infeksi / irritasi) </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> menimbulkan
refleks hambatan pengosongan ileum </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Refleks
defekasi </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Timbul bila:
Rektum terisi feses </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Hormon
pencernaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1. H.Gastrin
- (sekresi lambung)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2. H. Kholesistokinin– (sekresi duodenum)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3. H. Sekretin – (sekresi duodenum)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Effek
Gastrin</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Disekresi
bila lambung terisi makanan </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Peningkatan gerak lambung </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pengosongan lambung </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gerak mass</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">4.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sekresi getah lambung </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">5.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sekresi getah pankreas </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Hormon
Kholesistokinin</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">di sekresi :
bila duodenum isi lemak ~ effek : </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- menghambat pengosongan lambung </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- merangsang gerak usus </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- merangs kontraksi kandung empedu </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- merangs sekresi empedu </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- merangs sekresi enzim pankreas </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Hormon
Sekretin</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">di sekresi :
bila isi duodenum <u>asam </u><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>~ effek :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- menghambat pengosongan lambung </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- menghambat gerak usus </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- merangs sekresi elektrolit pankreas </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">MULUT</span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Proses
pencernaan secara : </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">- Mekanik :
mastikasi </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">- Kimia <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: bantuan saliva (enzim ptyalin)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Fungsi Mastikasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mencegah kerusakan mukosa </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mencerna cellulose </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3.
Memperluas permukaan makanan – enzim<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>bekerja lebih efektif </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">4.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Merangsang sekresi saliva</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">5.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mencampur makanan – saliva </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">6.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mempengaruhi pertumbuhan jaringan mulut </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Proses
mastikasi : proses reflek (strecth reflex) </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Fungsi Lidah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l25 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Mendorong makanan ke permukaan kunyah </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l25 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Mencampur makanan - saliva </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l25 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Memilih makanan yang halus - ditelan </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l25 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Membersihkan sisa makanan </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l25 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Membantu proses bicara </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l25 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Membantu proses menelan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l25 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Proses
sekresi di mulut:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<u><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Saliva<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></u><u><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></u></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">sekresi
: 1,0 – 1,5 liter/hari </span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pH<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>: 6-7,4 ( pH optimum enzim ptyalin) </span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Fase sekresi<b> </b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- Fase sefalik </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- Fase buccal </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- Fase Gastrointestinal</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Fungsi Saliva</span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo10;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Menetralkan keasaman makanan </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo10;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Melarutkan makanan- merangs Taste Bud </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo10;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Melembabkan mulut </span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Saliva
mengandung :<b> </b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">- Mukus </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">- </span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EL; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">α</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> amilase
(ptyalin) : mencerna amilum </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">- Anti
bakteri </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">- Elektrolit
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Proses
Pencernaan di mulut :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ptyalin</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="height: 12px; margin-left: 62px; margin-top: 5px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 86px; z-index: 251658240;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:\Users\Premium\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image010.gif" width="86" /></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Amilum<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Polisakarid </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Proses Absorbsi di Mulut </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-
hanya untuk obat-obatan </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Gangguan di
Mulut </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- Mulut kering : mudah infeksi </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- kurang saliva: mudah caries gigi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">OESOPHAGUS</span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Fungsi :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">tempat lewat mkn dari mulut </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> lambung </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">(tak ada sekresi enzim</span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> tak ada <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pencernaan)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ada sekresi mukus : - pelicin </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- proteksi mukosa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>saliva</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="height: 12px; margin-left: 77px; margin-top: 5px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 86px; z-index: 251659264;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:\Users\Premium\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image010.gif" width="86" /></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">makanan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bolus</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mastikasi </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Penelanan
(Deglutition / Swallowing) </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Stadium
Voluter</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Stadium
Involunter</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Stadium
Faringeal </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">- Palatum molle
menutup nasofaring </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">- Epiglottis
menutup laring<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">- Napas
berhenti sejenak </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">*proses
blangsung slama 1-2 detik<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Stadium
Esofageal</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">-lanuta peristaltic
dari faring</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">-dipengaruhi
gaya gravitasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">*Proses
berlangsung selama 5-10 detik </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Proses
penelanan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Melibatkan Nervus V, IX, X dan XII</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Saat menelan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- udara ikut tertelan : Aerophagia
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">- Udara dikeluarkan kembali : Ruktus </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- Udara dikeluarkan mell
anus : Flatus</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pada
Oesophagus - Tidak ada absorpsi<u> </u></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sfingter
Kardia = Sfingter gastroesofageal</span></b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Fungsi : </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mencegah kembalinya (refluks) isi </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lambung ke oesophagus </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">LAMBUNG</span></u></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Faktor yang mencegah refluk
gastroesophageal :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sfingter gastroesophageal</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Mekanisme katub pada bagian distal esophagus</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Konsentrasi gastrin yang tinggi akan meningkatkan tonus sfingter</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">gastroesophageal</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Ligamentum phrenoesofageal yang menyebabkan pengaruh katub</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pinchcock</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Fungsi lambung :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo16; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Menyimpan makanan sementara dan mengeluarkan secara</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo16; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">periodik ke duodenum</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo16; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Mencampur makanan dengan HCl, pepsin dan musin,</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo16; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">terbentuk suatu campuran seperti pasta (kimus)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo16; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Mencegah masuknya kuman patogen. 99 % kuman yang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo16; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">masuk GIT mati oleh asam lambung</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo16; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Memulai pencernaan protein oleh enzim pepsin</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo16; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Absorbsi alkohol dan beberapa obat ttt seperti aspirin</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sinyal yang mengatur pengosongan lambung datang</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">dari :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Lambung : </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">meningkatkan
pengosongan lambung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">• </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Efek volume
makanan/ peregangan dinding lambung</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">• </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Efek hormon
gastrin, meningkatkan aktifitas pompa pylorus</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Duodenum : menghambat pengosongan
lambung</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">• </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Reflek
enterogastrik dari duodenum</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">• </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Hormon dari duodenum dan jejenum (CCK dan GIP)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">• </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Reflek
enterogastrik memperlambat pengosongan lambung, sehingga pengosongan kimus ke duodenum
tidak melebihi kecepatan pencernaan kimus di ileum</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">• </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Reflek
enterogastrik ini diaktifkan oleh :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Peregangan
duodenum</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Iritasi mukosa
duodenum</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Derajat keasaman
kimus di duodenum</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Osmolalitas
kimus</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Lemak dan
protein</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Hunger contraction </span></b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">: merupakan peristaltis yang ritmis di korpus lambung, meningkat pada
orang muda dan kadar gula rendah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Hunger contraktion menimbulkan
perasaan lapar dan nyeri : hunger pangs, yang intensitas terbesar pada hari II
dan IV dimasa kelaparan, dan kemudian menurun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sekresi lambung</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Type kelenjar di mukosa lambung :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1. <b>Kelenjar oksintik (gastrik),
pada korpus dan fundus.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Terdiri
atas 3 jenis sel :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo18; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sel parietal, mensekresi HCl dan <b>intrinsik
faktor</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo18; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sel peptik (Chief cell), mensekresi
pensinogen</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo18; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sel leher mukus (goblet cell),
mensekresi mukus dan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo18; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">sedikit pepsinogen</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2. <b>Kelenjar pilorik, pada bagian
antrum, mensekresi :</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">mukus</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Hormon gastrin (<b>G cell</b>).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">sedikit pepsinogen</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sekresi lambung dalam 3 fase :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Fase sefalik </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Fase gastrik </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Fase intestinal</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">USUS HALUS</span></u></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Terdiri atas :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Duodenum 20-30
cm</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Jejenum 2/5
bagian</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Ileum 3/5 bagian</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Duodenum dilindungi dari aktifitas
asam lambung</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">oleh daya buffer bikarbonat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Di duodenum</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Bermuara duktus
dari getah pankreas dan empedu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kelenjar brunner
yang mensekresi mukus alkalis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Usus halus mempunyai 3 type kontraksi :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Peristaltik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kontraksi
konstriktif</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Gerakan villi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sekresi usus halus</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">• </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Mukosa villi dan
kripte liberkuhn dilapisi 2 jenis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">epitel :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sel epitel
kollumner simplek, disebut : <b>enterosit</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Di permukaan villi, untuk absorbsi
sari sari makanan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Di dalam kripte, mensekresi air dan
elektrolit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sel goblet</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">, mensekresi mukus</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Enterosit mengandung enzim pencernaan
:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Peptidase</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Aminopeptidase</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Dipeptidase</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Nucleopeptidase</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Nucleosidase</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Enterokinase
</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">, mengaktifkan tripsinogen</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Disakaridase</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Maltase</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Laktase</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sukrase</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">isomaltase</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Phospatase</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Lipase
intestinum</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">KOLON</span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">• </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Fungsi kolon</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l28 level2 lfo18; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">–<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Absorbsi air dan elektrolit</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l28 level2 lfo18; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">–<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Penimbunan feses</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l28 level2 lfo18; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">–<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Produksi dan absorbsi vitamin (B
komplek dan K) oleh mikrobiota usus/ mikroflora usus</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Proses motilitas kolon</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo19; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Gerak kolon
- usus halus</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo19; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tidak ada
gerak villi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo19; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Geraknya lambat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1.Gerak
tonik </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2.Gerak
Pendulm</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3.Gerak
Segmenasi= Gerak Haustrasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">4.Gerak
Paristaltik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">5.Gerak
Mass</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Faktor Pendorong Gerak Mass </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo31; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Refleks Gastrokolik </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo31; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Gastrin </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo31; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Infeksi / iritasi kolon</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo31; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Parasimpatis/ asetilkolin / vagus</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sekresi Kolon : sekresi mucus </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Fungsi : </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: list .5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pelindung mukosa terhadap bakteri
kolon </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: list .5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Perekat bahan feses </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pencernaan Kolon :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tak ada pencernaan ( tak ada sekresi
enzim ) </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">PANKREAS</span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">• </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">organ endokrin </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: SymbolMT; mso-fareast-font-family: SymbolMT; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>:</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">insulin &
glukagon</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">• </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">organ eksokrin :</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: SymbolMT; mso-fareast-font-family: SymbolMT; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">getah pankreas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">• </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Getah pankreas
(pankreatic juice) mengandung air, bikarbonat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">& enzim pencernaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">• </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Enzim pankreas
diproduksi dalam keadaan inaktif (<i>zymogen</i>):</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: SymbolMT; mso-fareast-font-family: SymbolMT; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">mencegah auto
digesti.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">• </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Juga mengandung <i>pankreatik
tripsin inhibitor </i></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">: </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">tripsin tdk</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">aktif dlm pankreas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">• </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Fase-fasde
sekresi pankreas:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1.Sefalik ->
asetilkholin</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2.Gastrik ->
asetilkholin</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3.Intestinal
-> sekretin & kolesitokinin</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">• </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">pH. 8-8,3.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">HEPAR DAN SISTEM EMPEDU</span></u></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Fungsi Hepar </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Vaskular</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sekresi
Empedu</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Metabolik :
( karbohidrat , lemak , protein, obat)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sintesa </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Detoksikasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Depo</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Fungsi Vaskuler</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Vaskularisasi
darri : </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Vena porta> V. sentralis > sinusoid : 1100 ml/ menit</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">A. Hepatika > V. sentralis > sinusoid :400 ml / menit </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Hepar menyimpan
darah : ±800 ml </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Filtrasi
daah : olh sel kupffer </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Normal : </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo22; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Aliran darah di hepr sangat lancar</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo22; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Mempunyai tahanan yang rendah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Fungsi Sekresi Hepar</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sel hepatosit
: sekresigetah empedu 600-1200 ml / hari</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sebagian besar disimpan dalam kandungan empedu</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sebagian kecil : langsung duodenum </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kandung empedu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Muara keluar di papilla vateri </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Terdapat sfingter oddi </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Mempunyai volume 50-60 ml</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Fungsi
Kandung Empedu :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tempat menyimpan empdu</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo25; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Cara : pemekatan empedu 5x </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Empedu
mengandung :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Air : 97 %</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo26; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Garam empedu</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo26; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Bilirubin</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo26; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kolesterol lesitine </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo26; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Asam lemak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Garam Empedu</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Bahan dasar
: kolesterol </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Fungsi garam
empeu : </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo27; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Deterjen lemak berbenuk emulsi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>> mudah larut > muah diserap</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo27; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Membentuk miselle , membantu absorbsi lemak </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo27; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Mengaktifkan enzim lipase </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">METABOLISME DAN EKSKRESI BILIRUBIN</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pembentukan :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">250 - 350 mg bilirubin/hr;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">70 - 80% berasal dr degradasi eritrosit.
Sisanya 20 - 30% (<b><i>early- labeled bilirubin</i></b>) berasal dr protein
heme lain yang terdapat pd sumsum tulang dan liver.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Heme yang berasal dr Hb terdegradasi
menjadi besi dan produk intermediet (biliverdin) oleh enzim heme oksigenase.Sedangkan
biliverdin reduktase mengubah biliverdin mjd bilirubin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Konjugasi : </span></b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Bilirubin bebas yang terkonsentrasi di liver terkonjugasi dengan asam
glukoronat menjadi bilirubin diglukoronid,disebut <b>bilirubin terkonjugasi
(reaksi direk). </b>Reaksi ini dikatalisasi oleh enzim glukoronil transferase
mikrosom menjadi bilirubin yang larut air.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Ekskresi bilier : </span></b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Bilirubin terkonjugasi disekresi ke kanalikuli empedu bersama komponen
empedu yang lain, kemudian masuk ke duodenum Sebagian besar bilirubun
glukoronid diabsorbsi sirkulasi enterohepatik diekskresi kembali ke vesika
fellea.Sebagian kecil bilirubin glukoronid masuk ke darah berikatan kurang kuat
dengan albumin, diekskresi dalam urin</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Di intestinum terjadi dekonjugasi dan
reduksi bilirubin menjadi urobilinogen, oleh bakteri flora usus. Sebagian besar
urobilinogen direabsorbsi menuju darah masuk melalui liver ke kandung empedu
(siklus enterohepatik), hanya 5 % diekskresi melalui urin. Setelah urin
teroksidasi urobilinogen menjadi urobilin, dan dioksidasi dalam feses menjadi sterkobilin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Ikterus (joundice), bila bilirubin
total plasma > 2 mg/dl. Disebabkan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pembentukan berlebihan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Penurunan ambilan oleh sel hati</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Gangguan konjugasi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Gangguan sekresi bilirubin terkonjugasi ke dalam kanalikulus biliaris</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sumbatan duktus billiaris intrahepatik/ ekstrahepatik.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Fungsi Metabolik Hepar </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Metabolik Karbohidrat </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Penyimpanan glikogen </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sebagai buffer kaar glukosa darah</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Glukogenesis </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo28; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Glukoneogenesis </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Metabolisme Lemak </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Beta oksidasi asam lemak </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pembentukan asetoasetat</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pembntukan lipoprotein</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sintesa kolesterol, lisfolipid </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Perubahan karbohidrat atau protei
> lemak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Metabolisme Protein </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Deminasi asam amino </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Perubahan ammonia(toksik) > urea</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pembentukan plasma protein </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sintesa snyawa lain dari asamamino</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Fungsi Sintesa Hepar </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pembentukan bahan pembekuan daah :
Fibrinogen , Protrombin , Faktor VII , accelerator globulin</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Fungsi Detoksikasi Hepar</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Denga cara : Fagositosis ( sel
kupffer )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Onyugasi / Oksidasi/ Reduksi</span></div>
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ernamahyunihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12801893357456165272noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6733912773427291498.post-87998842953479830782013-04-25T12:44:00.001-07:002013-04-25T12:44:14.714-07:00OTOT POLOS VISCERAL<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Aktivitas listrik dan
aktifitas mekanik</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Kekhasan otot polos visceral adalah ketidakmantaban
potensial membrannya dan adanya kontraksi-kontraksi yang berkesinambungan,
tidak teratur, yang tidak bergantung kepada persyarafannya. Kontraksi parsial
yang tiada hentinya itu disebut sebagai <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">tonus</b>.
Potensial membrantidak mempunyai nilai potensial “istirahat” yang, sebenarnya,
relative rendah saat jaringan tersebut aktida, dan lebih tinggi bila dihambat,
tetapi pada masa masa yang relative tenang, rata-rata nilai potensial membrane
istirahatnya sekitar -50mV. Berimpitan pada potensial membrane, terdapat
berbagtai jenis gelombang. Tampak adanya gambaran fluktuasi yang menyerupai
gelombang sinusoid lambat dengan amplitude beberapa milivolts, dan
gelombang-gelombang runcing potensial aksi yang kadang melampaui garis
potensial nol, kadang tidak dalam banyak jaringan otot polos, gelombang
potensial aksi seperti itu berdurasi sekitar 50mdet. Tetapi di beberapa
jaringan otot polos, potensial aksinya memperlihatkan dataran (plateau)
memanjang selama repolarisasi, seperti potensial aksi otot jantung. Potensial
aksi dapat muncul pada saat naik atau turunnya osilasi gelombang sinusoid. Juga
terdapat potensial pemicu seperti yang terdapat pada sel-sel picu jantung.
Namun, di otot polos, potensial pemicu ini tercetus dari banyak focus yang
berpindah dari sati tempat ke tempat lain. Potensial aksi yang tercetus di
focus-fokus pemicu, dihantarkan untuk jarak tertentu pada otot. Oleh karena
kegiatannya yang berkesinambungan, hubungan antara peristiwa listrik dan
mekanik di otot polos visceral sulit untuk dipelajari, tetapi dengan
menggunakan sediaan otot polos yang relative tidak aktif, potensial aksi
tunggal dapat dibangkitkan. Otot mulai berkontraksi kira-kira 200mdet setelah
mulainya potensial aksi. Puncak kontraksi dicapai selama 500mdet setelah
potensial aksi. Jadi, proses eksitasi-kontraksi otot polos visceral adalah
proses yanhg sangat lambat dibandingkan dengan yang terjadi pada otot rangka
dan otot jantung, yang jarak waktu antara mulainya kontraksi kurang dari 10
mdet.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Dasar molecular
kontraksi</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></b>Ca<sup>2+ </sup>berperan
dalam inisiasi kontraksi otot polos, seperti halnya pada otot rangka. Akan
tetapi, secara umum reticulum sarkoplasmik otot polos visceral kurang
berkembang, dan peningkatan kadar Ca<sup>2+</sup> intrasel yang membangkitkan
kontraksi disebabkan terutama oleh influx Ca<sup>2+</sup> dari CES melalui
saluran Ca<sup>2+</sup> yang memiliki bergerbang voltasi. Di samping itu,
myosin otot polos harus terfosforilasi untuk dapat menggiatkan myosin ATPase.
Fosforilasi dan defosforilasi myosin juga terjadi pada otot rangka, tetapi
fosdforilasi pada otot rangka tidak diperlukan untuk pengaktifan ATPase. Pada
otot polos, Ca<sup>2+</sup> berikatan dengan kalmodulin, dan kompleks yang
terbentuk akan mengaktifkan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">kinase
myosin rantai ringan yang bergantung pada kalmodulin,</b> yaitu enzim
katalisator proses fosforilasi myosin rantai tipis pada serin di posisis 19.
Fosforilasi ini akan mengaktifkan ATPase myosin, dan aktin kemudian bergeser
pada myosin, menghasilkan kontraksi. Berbeda dengan otot rangka dan otot
jantung, yang kontraksinya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dipicu oleh
pengikatan Ca<sup>2+ </sup>pada troponin C.</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Myosin
mengalami defosforilasi oleh <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>fosfatase myosin </b>yang terdapat dalam sel.
Enzim ini dihambat oleh fosforilasi, dan diaktifkan oleh defosforilasi.
Defosforilasi fosfatase myosin terjadi oleh rho-associated kinase yang
diaktifkan oleh ligand, yang akan menghambat kegiatan otot polos. Namun, otot
defosforilasi kinase rantai tipis myosin ini tidak berarti akan menyebabkan
relaksasi otot polos. Bahkan, tampaknya otot polos mempunyai mekanisme
“jembatan pengunci” <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">(latch bridge)</b>,
yang mempertahankan ikatan antara jembatan silang (cross bridge) myosin dengan
aktin untuk ebberapa saat setelah konsentrasi Ca<sup>2+</sup> menurun. Dengan
demikian, kontraksi akan bertahan dengan penggunaan energy yang kecil, yang
pentingterutama pada otot polos pembuluh darah. Relaksasi otot kemungkinan
terjadi terjadi bila proses disosiasi kompleks Ca<sup>2+ </sup>-kalmodium telah
berakhir, atau bila terjadi mekanisme lain. Kejadian di otot polos multi unit
pada dasarnya serupa.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Perlu
diperhatikan perbedaan-perbedaan antara otot jantung dan otot polos pembuluh
darah, karena keduanya berperan dalam pengendalian fungsi kerdiovaskular. Pada
jantung, respons bersifat fasik, yaitu kontraksi bergantian dengan relaksasi,
sedangkan pada otot polos, kontraksi sering bersifat tonik karena adanya
mekanisme “jembatan pengunci”. Disamping itu, peningkatan kadar AMP siklik
intrasel meningkatkan kekuatan kontraksi otot jantung, sedangkan AMP siklik
mengakibatkan relaksasi otot polos vascular karena AMP siklik menghambat proses
fosforilasi kinase myosin rantai ringan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Perangsangan</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Otot polos visceral bersifat unik, tidak seperti jenis otot
lain, otot polos visceral berkontraksi bila teregang tanpa persyarafan
ekstrinsik. Peregangan diikuti oleh penurunan potensi membrane, peningkatan
frekuensi potensial aksi, dan peningkatan tonus secara umum.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Bila
sediaan otot polos usus halus yang ditata untuk perekaman potensial aksi
intrasel in vitro diberi epinefrin atau norepinefrin, potensial membrane
biasanya meningkat, frekuensi potensial aksi menurun, dan otot relaksasi.
Norepinefrin merupakan mediator kimia yang dilepaskan di ujunt- syaraf
noradrenergin, dan perangsangan syaraf noradrenergin pada sediaan itu
menghasilkan potensial hambatan,. Perangsangan syaraf noradregenik pada usus
menghambat kontraksi in vivo. Norepinefrin mempengaruhi oto polos melalui
reseptor a dan b. penggiatan reseptor b, yang menurunkan tegangan otot sebagai
respons terhadap rangsang, berlangsung melalui AMP siklik dan mungkin
disebabkan oleh meningkatnya pengikatan Ca<sup>2+ </sup>intrasel. Penggiatan
reseptor a, yang juga menghambat kontraksi , disebabkan oleh meningkatnya
efluks Ca<sup>2+ +</sup>dari sel-sel otot</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Asetilkolin
mempunyai pengaruh yang berlawanan dengan norepinefrin terhadap potensial <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>membrane dan kegiatan kontraksi otot polos
usus halus. Bila asetilkolin diberikan pada cairan perendam sediaan otot polos
in vitro, potensial membrane menurun dan frekuensi potensial aksi meningkat.
Otot menjadi lebih aktif, dengan meningkatnya kontraksi tonik dan jumlah
kontraksi ritmik. Hal ini berlangsung dfengan perantaraan fosfolipasi C dan IP<sub>3,
</sub>yang meningkatkan konsentrasi Ca<sup>2+ </sup>intrasel. Pada hewan hidup,
perangsangan syaraf kolinergik menyebabkan pelepasan asetilkolin, potensial
usus, in vitro, hal yang serupa timbul akibat suhu dingin dan peregangan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Fungsi persyarafan pada otot polos</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Efek asetilkoliun dan norepinefrin pada otot polos visceral
mempunyai makna untuk menegaskan kedua sifat penting otot polos :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kegiatan spontan otot polos visceral tanpa
adanya rangsang syaraf, </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kepekaannya terhadap zat kimia yang dilepaskan
syaraf setempat atau yang dibawa dalam aliran darah.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Pada mamalia, otot visceral biasanya mempunyai persyarafan
ganda dari kedua divisi system syaraf otonom. Struktur dan fungsi hubungan
syaraf otonom. Fungsi persyarafan bukan untuk memicu, tetapi untuk memodifikasi
gerakan otot. Perangsangan idivisi yang lain telah menurunkannya. Namun, pada
beberapa organ otot polos, sedangkan perangsangan kolinergik menurunkannya</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Hubungan panjang dan
tegangan plastisitas</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Cirri khas otot polos adalah keragaman tegangan yang
dihasilkan pada setiap panjang tertentu, biloa sepotong otot polos
direnganggkan, mula-mula terjadi peningkatan tegangan. Namun bila otot itu
ditarik lebih panjang lagi setelah direnggangkan, tanganku berangsur menurun.
Kadang –kadang tegangan menurun sampai atau di bawah tingkat tegangan otot
sebelum direnggangkan. Oleh karena itu, tidak mungkin untuk membandingkan
panjang dan tegangan yang timbul secara tepat. Dan panjang istirahat tidak
dapat di tetapkan. Jadi, dalam beberapa hal, otot polos lebih bersifat seperti
massa yang kental daripada bersifat seperti strujktur jaringan yang kaku, dan
sifat inilah yang dikenal sebagai plastisipatis otot polos</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Wujud sifat plastisitas dapat diperlihatkan pada manusia
hidup. Misalnya, tegangan yang dihasilkan oleh dinding otot polos kandung kemih
dapat diukur pada berbagai derajat peregangan ketika cairan dimasukkan ke dalam
kandung kemih melalui kateter, mula-mula<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>terdapat peningkatan tegangan yang relative kecil ketika volume
ditingkatkan, karena plastisitas dinding kandung kemih. Namun, akhirnya
tercapai suatu titik saat kandung kemih berkontraksi dengan kuat</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Otot polos multi unit</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Berbeda dengan otot polos visceral, otot polos multi unit
tidak mempunyai sinsitium dan kontraksi tidak menyebar melalui sinstium, oleh
karena itu, kontraksi otot polos multi unit lebih jelas, halus, terlokalisasi
dibandingkan dengan otot polos visceral. Seperti otot polos visceral, otot
polos multi unit sangat peka terhadap zat-zat kimia yang ada dalam peredaran
darah, dan terangsang oleh neurotransmitter yang dilepaskan di ujung-ujung
syaraf motorik yang mempersyarafinya. Khususnya norepinefrin cenderung menetap dan
menimbulkan pencetusan potensial aksi yang berulang, dan bukan suatu potensial
aksi tunggal, setelah suatu rangsang tunggal, oleh karena itu, respons
kontraktil yang dihasilkan biasanya merupakan kontraksi tetanus yang tidak
teratur, dan bukan suatu kontraksi kedutan tunggal. Bila kontraksi kedutan
tunggal yang dihasilkan, kontraksinya menyerupai kontraksi kedutan otot rangka,
tetapi berlangsung 10 kali lebih lama</div>
ernamahyunihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12801893357456165272noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6733912773427291498.post-49758949878653899082013-04-25T12:40:00.000-07:002013-04-25T12:40:41.387-07:00TUMOR<!--[if !mso]>
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<br />
<div align="center" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"></span><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;"></span></b></div>
<b>Apa itu Tumor</b><br />
<br />
Tumor adalah istilah umum yang digunakan untuk menjelaskan adanya pertumbuhan
massa (solid/padat) atau jaringan abnormal dalam tubuh. Massa ini timbul
sebagai akibat dari ketidak-seimbangan pertumbuhan dan regenerasi sel. Selain
itu juga biasanya tidak berguna dan tidak diperlukan oleh tubuh. Tumor berbeda
dengan kista (cairan) ataupun abses (bisul). Tumor ada 2: tumor jinak dan tumor
ganas (kanker). Di Indonesia sendiri, istilah tumor lebih mengacu kepada tumor
jinak. <br />
<br />
Tumor jinak, tidak selalu berarti ‘tidak berbahaya’, meskipun sebagian besar
biasanya tidak berbahaya. Sebuah tumor jinak (benign tumor) masih dapat
berkembang, dan bisa menyebabkan kerusakan pada jaringan, syaraf atau organ di
dekatnya. Tergantung lokasi dan besarnya, tumor masih dapat menjadi penyakit
yang serius dan membahayakan jiwa, seperti: tumor otak. <br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<strong>Penyebab.</strong></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Tumor biasanya disebabkan oleh adanya mutasi DNA
di dalam sel, akumulasi dari mutasi-mutasi ini menyebabkan timbulnya tumor.
Tumor ini bisa dipicu oleh paparan bahan kimia, paparan alkohol yang terlalu
banyak, racun dari makanan atau lingkungan, paparan sinar ultraviolet yang
berlebihan, faktor genetika virus atau radiasi.</div>
<br />
<br />
<b>Gejala & Pengobatan Tumor</b><br />
<br />
Gejala tumor biasanya berbentuk benjolan yang terlihat pada bagian tubuh dan tidak
sakit. Bila sudah mengganggu jaringan sekitarnya, dokter dapat menyarankan
operasi pengangkatan (pembedahan). Saat ini teknik pembedahan sudah berkembang
pesat, bahkan melibatkan teknologi bedah laser, maupun cryosurgery (pembekuan)
tumor. <br />
Gejala tumor tergantung dari lokasinya. Misalkan tumor pada paru-paru memiliki
gejala batuk, sesak napas, nyeri dada. Tumor di usus menyebabkan penurunan
berat badan, diare, sembelit, anemia dan ada darah dalam tinja.<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Tapi kebanyakan tumor juga tidak menimbulkan gejala
dan gejalanya baru muncul setelah penyakitnya masuk stadium lanjut. Tapi gejala
tumor yang paling umum adalah sering merasa panas dingin (demam), mudah lelah,
kehilangan nafsu makan, rasa tidak enak di badan, sering berkeringat saat tidur
malam hari, dan berat badan menyusut.</div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Jenis-Jenis Tumor :</b><br />
<b>Tumor Jinak</b><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Tumor dikatakan jinak ukurannya di bawah 1-2 cm
dan cenderung tidak mengalami perkembangan dan lokasinya menetap dan tidak
menyebar atau merusak jaringan lainnya.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Tapi bila dalam pengamatan ada kecenderungan
membesar apalagi bila ukurannya sudah melebihi 2 cm maka tumor bisa menjadi
ganas (tumor ganas) karena bersifat menyebar, merusak jaringan sekitarnya yang
sering disebut kanker.</div>
Tumor adalah jaringan baru (neoplasma) yang timbul dalam tubuh. Tumor adalah
penyakit yang umumnya timbul akibat mutasi genetik sehingga sel jaringan
bertumbuh abnormal akibat kehilangan kendali atas pertumbuhannya dan fungsinya
berbeda dari sel normal. Pada umumnya, tumor jinak dapat menyerang laki-laki
maupun perempuan dengan prevalensi yang sama.<br />
Tumor jinak kelenjar parotis umumnya benjolan soliter pada daerah pipi di
depan telinga, namun tidak nyeri. Butuh waktu bertahun-tahun untuk pertumbuhan
tumor dan amat jarang menyebabkan kematian. Tumor parotis baru teraba efektif
bila ukuran benjolan telah mencapai 2,5 sentimeter. <br />
Pada pemeriksaan medis, tumor teraba sebagai benjolan keras, bulat, tidak
nyeri tekan, permukaan licin, dan tidak terdapat ulserasi. Tumor jinak pada
kelenjar parotis sebagian besar berupa adenoma pleomorfik dan tumor Warthin.
Tumor jinak hampir selalu dapat diterapi dengan pembedahan dan hasil yang
memuaskan (prognosis baik). Sangat jarang berkembang menjadi tumor ganas
(kanker).<br />
Bilamana tumor jinak tidak diterapi, maka membuka peluang untuk terjadi
tumor ganas. Selain itu perubahan tumor jinak menjadi tumor ganas disebabkan
oleh operasi pengangkatan tumor yang tidak sempurna, sehingga memungkinkan
untuk kambuh (rekuren).<br />
Operasi pengangkatan tumor atau kanker parotis perlu dilakukan dengan penuh
kehati-hatian. Lantaran nervus fasialis tak jarang melintas di tengah-tengah
massa tumor. Bilamana nervus ini terpotong, maka akibatnya menimbulkan
mniafestasi mulut mencong akibat lumpuhnya otot-otot wajah yang dipersyarafi
oleh nervus fasialis ini (Bellís palsy).<br />
<b>Tumor Ganas</b><br />
Sel normal berubah menjadi sel kanker lantaran adanya kerusakan pada DNA
(deoxyribonucleic acid). <br />
Sementara kanker merupakan massa padat berupa himpunan dari sel kanker.
Pertumbuhan yang cepat dari massa tumor boleh jadi berkaitan dengan perubahan
ke arah keganasan (carcinoma, kanker). Tumor ganas yang terpenting pada
kelenjar parotis adalah adenokarsinoma.<br />
Kanker sangat jarang terjadi pada kelenjar ludah. Insidensi per tahun
berkisar satu diantara 100.000 penduduk di Amerika Serikat. Menyerang pada
individu usia di atas 65 tahun. Radiasi pada daerah leher dan kepala merupakan
faktor risiko unuk kejadian kanker pada kelenjar parotis. Selain itu diet minim
sayur dan buah-buahan.<br />
Sel kanker dan memiliki kemampuan untuk menginvasi jaringan sekitar,
terutama nervus fasialis. Keterlibatan saraf fasialis (saraf kranial ketujuh)
umumnya sebagai pertanda adanaya proses keganasan pada kelenjar parotis.
Kerusakan nervus fasialis oleh invasi sel tumor menimbulkan manifestasi berupa
penderita tidak mampu mengernyitkan dahi atau menutup mata. Begitu pula
penderita tidak mampu bersiul, meringis atau tersenyum.<br />
Selain itu, tumor ganas pada kelenjar parotis dapat meluas ke area
retromandibular dari kelenjar parotis dan dapat menginvasi lobus profunda kemudian
melewati ruangan parafaringeal, sehingga dapat menimbulkan gejala berupa
disfagia, gangguan pada telinga. <br />
Selanjutnya dapat melibatkan struktur di sekitarnya seperti tulang petrosus,
lubang telinga dan sendi temporomandibular.<br />
Sekitar 80 persen pembesaran kelenjar parotis berupa tumor jinak. Radiasi,
status nutrisi dan terpapar logam berat merupakan faktor risiko untuk
terjadinya tumor atau kekambuhan tumor pada kelenjar parotis. <br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<b>Fibroma</b><br />
<br />
Mengacu pada semua jenis tumor yang mengandung serat jaringan epitel. <br />
<br />
<b>Neuro-fibromitosis</b><br />
<br />
Neuro-fibromitosis adalah tumor yang berasal dari jaringan ikat pembungkus
saraf tepi, yang diturunkan secara genetik, dan biasanya lebih banyak terjadi
pada pria daripada wanita. <br />
<br />
Neuro-fibromitosis bermanifestasi pada kulit sebagai suatu benjolan-benjolan
lunak berbatas tegas, tidak nyeri, mudah digerakkan, serta ditemukan adanya
bercak yang berwarna merah sampai cokelat. Benjolan-benjolan ini, penyebarannya
bisa sampai ke semua anggota tubuh, dari kepala sampai kaki, sepanjang saraf
tepi. <br />
<br />
Pada beberapa penderita, pertumbuhan ini menimbulkan masalah, seperti:
hilangnya elastisitas pembuluh darah ginjal, kekakuan saluran kelenjar air mata
sehingga mata sering berair, optic glioma, gangguan pendengaran, dan gangguan
pada tulang belakang seperti skoliosis, penyempitan tulang belakang dan
gangguan tulang panjang seperti pseudoarthrosis. <br />
<br />
Karena sifatnya genetik, maka belum ada pengobatan yang dapat menghentikan
pertumbuhannya. Operasi pembedahan dan radiasi, biasanya dimaksudkan untuk
memperkecil atau mengontrol perkembangannya saja. Bila tumbuh mendekati saraf,
maka sarafnya juga harus diangkat. <br />
<br />
<b>Glioma</b> <br />
<br />
Glioma adalah jenis tumor yang dimulai di otak atau tulang belakang. Gejala glioma
tergantung pada bagian mana dari sistem saraf pusat terpengaruh. Sebuah glioma
otak bisa menyebabkan sakit kepala, mual dan muntah, kejang, dan gangguan saraf
kranial sebagai akibat tekanan intrakranial meningkat. <br />
<br />
Sebuah glioma pada saraf optik dapat menyebabkan hilangnya penglihatan. Glioma
kabel spinal dapat menyebabkan rasa sakit, kelemahan, atau baal pada
ekstremitas. Glioma dapat menyebar melalui cairan serebrospinal ke sumsum
tulang belakang. Selanjutnya lihat artikel ‘Kanker Otak’ pada website ini. <br />
<br />
<b>Meningioma</b> <br />
<br />
Meningioma adalah tumor pada selaput pelindung otak, yang lebih banyak
menyerang wanita daripada pria, terutama usia 50-60 tahun. Kebanyakan
meningioma bersifat jinak (benign). Selanjutnya lihat artikel ‘Kanker Otak’
pada website ini. <br />
<br />
<b>Osteo-chondroma</b> <br />
<br />
Osteo-chondroma adalah tumor jinak tulang yang paling umum terjadi, terutama
pada remaja usia 10-20 tahun. Penyebabnya biasanya mutasi gen, radiasi atau
trauma. <br />
<br />
<b>Adenoma</b> Adenoma adalah suatu tumor jinak dari kelenjar. Adenoma dapat
tumbuh di banyak organ, misalnya: usus besar, kelenjar adrenal, kelenjar
hipofisis, tiroid, dll Meskipun adenoma tergolong jinak, dari waktu ke waktu
mereka dapat berkembang menjadi menjadi ganas (adenokarsinoma). <br />
<br />
<b>Fibroadenoma Mammae (FAM)</b> <br />
<br />
Fibroadenoma Mammae (FAM) adalah tumor jinak tidak berbahaya yang bisa timbul
pada payudara remaja dan wanita berusia <30 tahun. Benjolan biasanya kecil,
solid, kenyal, bulat elastis dengan batas tepi yang jelas. Diduga penyebabnya
adalah kelebihan hormon estrogen. Tumor ini dapat membesar menjelang menstruasi
atau pada saat kehamilan.</span></div>
<b>Pencegahan dan Terapi</b><br />
Tumor jinak kelenjar parotis dapat mencapai ukuran besar namun tidak
menginvasi jaringan normal sekitarnya. Beda dengan tumor ganas (kanker), meski
massa tumor masih berukuran kecil namun sudah mampu untuk menginavasi jaringan
sekitarnya, bahkjan bermetatase jauh. <br />
Pemastian diagnosis tumor jinak atau tumor ganas kelenjar parotis lewat
biopsi jarum halus, pemeriksaan radiologis tomografi computer atau MRI
(magnetic resonance imaging).<br />
Terapi pilihan yang diberikan pada pasien ini adalah terapi pembedahan
pengangkatn massa tumor (reseksi). Terapi pembedahan untuk tumor parotis berupa
operasi pengangkatan kelenjar parotis (parotidektomi) total maupun parsial
tergantung dari stadium dan histologi tumor.<br />
Tumor yang invasif atau menyebar ke organ lain terkadang membutuhkan
operasi pengangkatan kelenjar parotis secara total.<br />
Radioterapi sebagai terapi ajuvan pasca tindakan pembedahan terutama pada
karsinoma kelenjar parotis yang inoperabel dimana tidak memungkinkan untuk
dilakukan parotidektomi. Kombinasi radiasiterapi dan kemoterapi
diindikasikan untuk kanker kelenjar parotis dengan stadium akhir atau tumor
yang kambuh kembali. (11)<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Tumor secara harfiah berarti “pembengkakan” atau
“pengerasan”. Tumor adalah semua jenis pembesaran atau pengerasan yang
terbentuk dari neoplasma, massa jaringan yang disebabkan oleh perkembangan
abnormal sel-sel (neo = “baru”, plasma = “sel”). Pertumbuhan sel-sel neoplasma
melebihi dan tidak terkoordinasi dengan jaringan normal di sekitarnya sehingga
membentuk benjolan atau tumor.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Tumor atau neoplasma adalah pertumbuhan yang
tidak normal dari jaringan tubuh. Tumor terjadi ketika sel membelah berlebihan
dalam tubuh. Tubuh selalu melakukan pembelahan sel untuk menggantikan sel-sel
yang lama dan sudah mati dengan sel-sel baru. Jika keseimbangan pembelahan sel
terganggu atau berjalan tidak normal maka disitulah tumor bisa terbentuk.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<strong>Pengobatan.</strong></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Jika tumor tidak membahayakan (tumor jinak) maka
biasanya tidak diperlukan operasi dan dokter tidak melakukan perawatan apa-apa.
Tapi jika sudah ada kecenderungan tumbuh membesar, pengangkatan atau operasi
adalah jalan terbaik yang setelah itu dilanjutkan dengan kemoterapi atau
raditerapi untuk mematikan jaringan agar tidak menyebar dan aktif lagi.</div>
ernamahyunihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12801893357456165272noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6733912773427291498.post-77558312486042871572013-04-23T12:23:00.002-07:002013-04-23T12:23:50.381-07:00Bell's Palsy<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8zOHnLjUjDnPYP-fZfvPzCzUbC4SXLI1sxCrWiGPvKvP96kmbRoCh2A45MqnYDQa3anxVgsLZErcSXkXgy2uurY_p2mGygoOcGDkJAVQ82Rb7jw6YOwQmH5PPGtFCc-g0g4GdcHn6JHgJ/s1600/BellsPalsy_SM.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8zOHnLjUjDnPYP-fZfvPzCzUbC4SXLI1sxCrWiGPvKvP96kmbRoCh2A45MqnYDQa3anxVgsLZErcSXkXgy2uurY_p2mGygoOcGDkJAVQ82Rb7jw6YOwQmH5PPGtFCc-g0g4GdcHn6JHgJ/s320/BellsPalsy_SM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
Bell’s palsy atau prosoplegia adalah kelumpuhan fasialis
akibat paralisis nervus fasial perifer yang terjadi secara akut dan penyebabnya
tidak diketahui (idiopatik) di luar sistem saraf pusat tanpa disertai adanya
penyakit neurologis lainnya.<span lang="EN-US"> </span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span lang="EN-US"> Paralisis fasial idiopatik atau Bell’s palsy, ditemukan oleh Sir Charles Bell,
dokter dari Skotlandia. Bell’s palsy sering terjadi setelah infeksi virus (
misalnya herpes simplex) atau setelah imunisasi, lebih sering terjadi pada
wanita hamil dan penderita diabetes serta penderita hipertensi Lokasi cedera
nervus fasialis pada Bell’s palsy adalah di bagian perifer nukleus nervus VII.
Cedera tersebut terjadi di dekat ganglion genikulatum.</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span lang="EN-US">Salah satu gejala Bell’s palsy adalah kelopak mata sulit
menutup dan saat penderita berusaha menutup kelopak matanya, matanya terputar
ke atas dan matanya tetap kelihatan. Gejala ini disebut juga fenomena Bell. Pada observasi dapat
dilihat juga bahwa gerakan kelopak mata yang tidak sehat lebih lambat jika
dibandingkan dengan gerakan bola mata yang sehat (lagoftalmos)</span><br />
<br />
<b>PENYEBAB</b><br />
<br />
Penyebabnya tidak diketahui, tetapi diduga terjadi pembengkakan pada
saraf wajah sebagai reaksi terhadap infeksi virus, penekanan atau
berkurangnya aliran darah.<br />
<br />
<b>GEJALA</b><br />
<br />
Bell's palsy terjadi secara tiba-tiba.<br />
Beberapa jam sebelum terjadinya kelemahan pada otot wajah, penderita
bisa merasakan nyeri di belakang telinga. Kelemahan otot yang terjadi
bisa ringan sampai berat, tetapi selalu pada satu sisi wajah.<br />
<br />
Sisi wajah yang mengalami kelumpuhan menjadi datar dan tanpa ekspresi, tetapi penderita merasa seolah-olah wajahnya terpuntir.<br />
Sebagian besar penderita mengalami mati rasa atau merasakan ada beban di
wajahnya, meskipun sebetulnya sensasi di wajah adalah normal.<br />
<br />
Jika bagian atas wajah juga terkena, maka penderita akan mengalami kesulitan dalam menutup matanya di sisi yang terkena.<br />
Kadang penyakit ini mempengaruhi pembentukan ludah, air mata atau rasa di lidah.<br />
<br />
Bell's palsy Ptosis</div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">DIAGNOSA</span></b></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Anamnesa</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">- Rasa nyeri</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">- Gangguan atau kehilangan pengecapan.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">- Riwayat pekerjaan dan adakah aktivitas yang dilakukan pada
malam hari di ruangan terbuka atau di luar ruangan.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">- Riwayat penyakit yang pernah dialami oleh penderita
seperti infeksi saluran pernafasan, otitis, herpes, dan lain-lain.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pemeriksaan Fisik</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gerakan volunter yang diperiksa, dianjurkan minimal :</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengerutkan dahi</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memejamkan mata</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengembangkan cuping hidung</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tersenyum</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bersiul</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengencangkan kedua bibir</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pemeriksaan Laboratorium. </span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Tidak ada pemeriksaan laboratorium yang spesifik untuk menegakkan
diagnosis Bell’s palsy.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pemeriksaan Radiologi.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Pemeriksaan radiologi bukan indikasi pada Bell’s palsy. Pemeriksaan
CT-Scan dilakukan jika dicurigai adanya fraktur atau metastasis neoplasma ke
tulang, stroke, sklerosis multipel dan AIDS pada CNS. Pemeriksaan MRI pada
pasien Bell’s palsy akan menunjukkan adanya penyangatan (Enhancement) pada
nervus fasialis, atau pada telinga, ganglion genikulatum. </span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">DIAGNOSA BANDING</span></b></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Infeksi
herpes zoster pada ganglion genikulatum (Ramsay Hunt syndrom)</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
Ramsay Hunt Syndrome (RHS) adalah infeksi saraf wajah
yang disertai dengan ruam yang menyakitkan dan kelemahan otot wajah. </div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; text-align: justify;">
Tanda
dan gejala RHS meliputi:</div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span>Ruam merah yang menyakitkan dengan lepuh berisi cairan di
gendang telinga, saluran telinga eksternal, bagian luar telinga, atap dari
mulut (langit-langit) atau lidah</div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span>Kelemahan (kelumpuhan) pada sisi yang sama seperti
telinga yang terkinfeksi</div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span>Kesulitan
menutup satu mata</div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span>Sakit
telinga</div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span>Pendengaran
berkurang</div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span>Dering
di telinga (tinnitus)</div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span>Sebuah
sensasi berputar atau bergerak (vertigo)</div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span>Perubahan
dalam persepsi rasa</div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 40.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Miller </span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fisher Syndrom</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 40.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
Miller Fisher syndrom adalah varian dari <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Guillain Barre syndrom yang jarang
dijumpai.Miiler Fisher syndrom atau Acute <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Disseminated
Encephalomyeloradiculopaty</i> ditandai dengan trias gejala neurologis berupa opthalmoplegi,
ataksia, dan arefleksia yang kuat. Pada Miller Fisher syndrom didapatakan
double vision akibat kerusakan nervus cranial yang menyebabkan kelemahan otot –
otot mata . Selain itu kelemahan nervus facialis menyebabkan kelemahan otot
wajah tipe perifer. Kelumpuhan nervus facialis tipe perifer pada Miller Fisher
syndrom menyerang otot wajah bilateral. Gejala lain bisa didapatkan rasa kebas,
pusing dan mual. </div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">TATA LAKSANA</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Istirahat terutama pada keadaan akut
</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Medikamentosa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 45pt; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemberian
kortikosteroid (perdnison dengan dosis 40 -60 mg/hari per oral atau 1 mg/kgBB/hari
selama 3 hari, diturunkan perlahan-lahan selama 7 hari kemudian), dimana
pemberiannya dimulai pada hari kelima setelah onset penyakit, gunanya untuk
meningkatkan peluang kesembuhan pasien.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 40.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dasar
dari pengobatan ini adalah untuk menurunkan kemungkinan terjadinya kelumpuhan
yang sifatnya permanen yang disebabkan oleh pembengkakan nervus fasialis di
dalam kanal fasialis yang sempit. </span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penggunaan </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">obat- obat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> antivirus .<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Acyclovir (400 mg selama 10 hari) dapat
digunakan dalam penatalaksanaan Bell’s palsy yang dikombinasikan dengan
prednison atau dapat juga diberikan sebagai dosis tunggal untuk penderita yang
tidak dapat mengkonsumsi prednison.Penggunaan Acyclovir akan berguna jika
diberikan pada 3 hari pertama dari onset penyakit untuk mencegah replikasi
virus.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perawatan mata: </span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Air mata buatan: digunakan
selama masa sadar untuk menggantikan lakrimasi yang hilang.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pelumas digunakan saat
tidur: Dapat <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>digunakan selama masa sadar
jika air mata buatan tidak mampu menyedikan perlindungan yang adekuat. Satu kerugiannya
adalah pandangan kabur.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kacamata
atau tameng pelindung mata dari trauma dan menurunkan pengeringan dengan
menurunkan paparan udara langsung terhadap kornea</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fisioterapi </span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 40.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sering
dikerjakan bersama-sama pemberian prednison, dapat dianjurkan pada stadium
akut. Tujuan fisioterapi untuk mempertahankan tonus otot yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lumpuh. Cara yang sering digunakan yaitu :
mengurut/massage otot wajah selama 5 menit pagi-sore atau dengan faradisasi. </span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Operasi </span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 40.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tindakan operatif umumnya tidak
dianjurkan pada anak-anak karena dapat menimbulkan komplikasi lokal maupun
intracranial. </span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 40.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tindakan operatif dilakukan apabila
: </span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">tidak terdapat penyembuhan spontan </span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">tidak terdapat perbaikan dengan
pengobatan prednison </span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">ANATOMI </span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGCUW5NeMlsEbn5NxMwDWrFfLWQNxgt07a0WE6Ymu_cAFjco3-TX_K0W8V_oNYVvB3lviPdfqlP3k9Xuv9Dg8G89ccP9uZ0EPFTuWhZtYzNwEXl7j8bsNDO5IB-OiCNtr2STJJdyy80V0y/s1600/Bells_palsy.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="190" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGCUW5NeMlsEbn5NxMwDWrFfLWQNxgt07a0WE6Ymu_cAFjco3-TX_K0W8V_oNYVvB3lviPdfqlP3k9Xuv9Dg8G89ccP9uZ0EPFTuWhZtYzNwEXl7j8bsNDO5IB-OiCNtr2STJJdyy80V0y/s320/Bells_palsy.gif" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Saraf otak ke
VII mengandung 4 macam serabut, yaitu :</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Serabut somato motorik, yang
mensarafi otot-otot wajah (kecuali m. levator palpebrae (n.III), otot platisma,
stilohioid, digastrikus bagian posterior dan stapedius di telinga tengah).</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Serabut visero-motorik
(parasimpatis) yang datang dari nukleus salivatorius superior. Serabut saraf
ini mengurus glandula dan mukosa faring, palatum, rongga hidung, sinus
paranasal, dan glandula submaksilaris serta sublingual dan lakrimalis.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Serabut visero-sensorik, yang menghantar
impuls dari alat pengecap di dua pertiga bagian depan lidah. </span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Serabut somato-sensorik, rasa nyeri (dan
mungkin juga rasa suhu dan rasa raba) dari sebagian daerah kulit dan mukosa
yang dipersarafi oleh nervus trigeminus.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Nervus fasialis (N.VII) terutama merupakan
saraf motorik yang menginervasi otot- otot ekspresi wajah. Di samping itu saraf
ini membawa serabut parasimpatis ke kelenjar ludah dan air mata dank ke selaput
mukosa rongga mulut dan hidung, dan juga menghantarkan sensasi eksteroseptif
dari daerah gendang telinga, sensasi pengecapan dari 2/3 bagian depan lidah,
dan sensasi visceral umum dari kelenjar ludah, mukosa hidung dan faring, dan
sensasi proprioseptif dari otot yang disarafinya. </span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Secara anatomis bagian motorik saraf ini
terpisah dari bagian yang menghantar sensasi dan serabut parasimpatis, yang
terakhir ini sering dinamai saraf intermedius atau pars intermedius Wisberg.
Sel sensoriknya terletak di ganglion genikulatum, pada lekukan saraf fasialis
di kanal fasialis. Sensasi pengecapan daru 2/3 bagian depan lidah dihantar
melalui saraf lingual korda timpani dan kemudian ke ganglion genikulatum.
Serabut yang menghantar sensasi ekteroseptif mempunyai badan selnya di ganglion
genikulatum dan berakhir pada akar desenden dan inti akar decenden dari saraf
trigeminus (N.V). hubungan sentralnya identik dengan saraf trigeminus.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Inti motorik nervus VII terletak di pons.
Serabutnya mengitari nervus VI, dan keluar di bagian leteral pons. Nervus
intermedius keluar di permukaan lateral pons, di antara nervus V dan nervus
VIII. Nervus VII bersama nervus intermedius dan nervus VIII memasuki meatus
akustikus internus. Di sini nervus fasialis bersatu dengan nervus intermedius
dan menjadi satu berkas saraf yang berjalan dalam kanalis fasialis dan kemudian
masuk ke dalam os mastoid. Ia keluar dari tulang tengkorak melalui foramen
stilomastoid, dan bercabang untuk mersarafi otot- otot wajah.</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br />
<b>PENGOBATAN</b><br />
<br />
Tidak ada pengobatan khusus untuk Bell's palsy.<br />
<br />
Beberapa ahli percaya bahwa kortikoteroid (misalnya prednison) harus
diberikan dalam waktu tidak lebih dari 2 hari setelah timbulnya gejala
dan dilanjutkan sampai 1-2 minggu.<br />
Apakah pengobatan ini bisa mengurangi nyeri dan memperbaiki kesempatan untuk sembuh, masih belum dapat dibuktikan.<br />
<br />
Jika kelumpuhan otot wajah menyebabkan mata tidak dapat tertutup rapat, maka mata harus dilindungi dari kekeringan.<br />
Tetes mata pelumas digunakan setiap beberapa jam.<br />
<br />
Pada kelumpuhan yang berat, pemijatan pada otot yang lemah dan
perangasangan sarafnya bis membantu mencegah terjadinya kekakuan otot
wajah.<br />
<br />
Jika kelumpuhan menetap sampai 6-12 bulan atau lebih, bisa dilakukan
pembedahan untuk mencangkokkan saraf yang sehat (biasanya diambil dari
lidah) ke dalam otot wajah yang lumpuh.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>PROGNOSIS</b><br />
<br />
Jika kelumpuhannya parsial (sebagian), maka penyembuhan total terjadi dalam waktu 1-2 bulan.<br />
Prognosis pada kelumpuhan total adalah bervariasi, tetapi sebagian besar mengalami penyembuhan sempurna.<br />
<br />
Untuk menentukan kemungkinan terjadinya penyembuhan total, bisa
dilakukan pemeriksaan untuk menguji saraf wajah dengan menggunakan
rangsangan listrik.<br />
Kadang saraf wajah membaik, tetapi membentuk hubungan yang abnormal yang
menyebabkan timbulnya gerakan yang tidak dikehendaki pada beberapa otot
wajah atau keluarnya air mata secara spontan.</div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">KESIMPULAN </span></b></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Bell’s palsy adalah kelumpuhan akut dari
nervus fasialis VII yang</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> dapat</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"> menyebabkan gangguan pada indera
pengecapan , yaitu pada dua per tiga anterior lidah.Penyakit ini lebih sering
ditemukan pada usia dewasa dan jarang pada anak. </span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Diagnosis dapat ditegakkan secara klinik setelah kausa
yang jelas untuk lesi n. fasialis perifer disingkirkan. Terapi yang dianjurkan
saat ini ialah pemberian prednison, fisioterapi dan kalau perlu operasi</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br /></div>
ernamahyunihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12801893357456165272noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6733912773427291498.post-37310943506718759492013-04-23T12:00:00.000-07:002013-04-23T12:07:30.014-07:00Carpal Tunnel Syndrome<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAq90XMI9pG1yUYvVL-W8RIAql_PzejruAbRmVmKCf7OOS-_YMpp7k7b4sKr0Oh6uCIhtXbfZKhujHks00k0kBKhEQlUajkTb8vTiknmQgzdrxxURMmNRNZcjr1VBfNvtfqaa0T2YghPVe/s1600/carpaltunnel.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAq90XMI9pG1yUYvVL-W8RIAql_PzejruAbRmVmKCf7OOS-_YMpp7k7b4sKr0Oh6uCIhtXbfZKhujHks00k0kBKhEQlUajkTb8vTiknmQgzdrxxURMmNRNZcjr1VBfNvtfqaa0T2YghPVe/s320/carpaltunnel.jpg" /></a> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Carpal tunnel syndrome adalah kondisi tangan dan lengan semakin menyakitkan disebabkan oleh saraf terjepit di pergelangan tangan. Sejumlah faktor dapat berkontribusi untuk carpal tunnel syndrome, termasuk anatomi pergelangan tangan, beberapa masalah kesehatan mendasar, dan mungkin pola penggunaan tangan.
Terikat oleh tulang dan ligamen, terowongan karpal adalah jalan sempit yang terletak pada bagian telapak dari pergelangan tangan. Terowongan ini melindungi saraf utama untuk tangan dan sembilan tendon pada jari. Kompresi saraf menghasilkan mati rasa, rasa sakit, dan, akhirnya kelemahan tangan yang menjadi ciri carpal tunnel syndrome. Untungnya, untuk kebanyakan orang yang mengembangkan carpal tunnel syndrome, pengobatan yang tepat biasanya dapat meringankan nyeri dan mati rasa dan mengembalikan penggunaan normal dari pergelangan tangan dan tangan.
Penyebab
Carpal tunnel syndrome terjadi sebagai akibat dari kompresi saraf median. Nervus medianus berjalan dari lengan melalui sebuah lorong di pergelangan tangan (terowongan karpal) ke tangan. Saraf tersebut memberikan sensasi ke sisi telapak ibu jari dan jari-jari, kecuali jari kelingking. Saraf tersebut juga memberikan sinyal saraf untuk menggerakkan otot-otot di sekitar dasar ibu jari (fungsi motorik).
Secara umum, apa pun yang mengganggu atau menekan saraf median di ruang terowongan karpal dapat menyebabkan carpal tunnel syndrome. Misalnya, patah tulang pergelangan tangan dapat mempersempit terowongan karpal dan mengiritasi saraf, seperti pembengkakan dan peradangan yang dihasilkan dari rheumatoid arthritis. Dalam banyak kasus, tidak ada penyebab tunggal yang dapat diidentifikasi. Mungkin bahwa kombinasi faktor risiko berkontribusi pada pengembangan kondisi.
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcxQRpvQHuDIIF9mP6gZXtD1ay63OLVyOBecwf9O7lPHLlJPbYYRcsgjg1Wfq8KRvwNhQu23WPfIC7QUAgwGO3_7V_WNGYN9gsIjcoohCiJJpCAWTjXOkQ5dYYuUh48sg40lLWoCs2Iiyh/s1600/carpal-tunnel-syndrome-picture.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcxQRpvQHuDIIF9mP6gZXtD1ay63OLVyOBecwf9O7lPHLlJPbYYRcsgjg1Wfq8KRvwNhQu23WPfIC7QUAgwGO3_7V_WNGYN9gsIjcoohCiJJpCAWTjXOkQ5dYYuUh48sg40lLWoCs2Iiyh/s320/carpal-tunnel-syndrome-picture.jpg" /></a> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b> Gejala</b> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Carpal tunnel syndrome biasanya dimulai secara bertahap dengan sakit samar di pergelangan tangan yang dapat memperpanjang ke tangan atau lengan bawah.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Gejala carpal tunnel syndrome umumnya meliputi: </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
1. Kesemutan atau mati rasa di jari atau tangan, terutama ibu jari dan jari telunjuk. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
2. Nyeri memancar atau memanjang dari pergelangan tangan sampai lengan dan bahu atau ke dalam telapak tangan atau jari. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
3. Kelemahan di tangan dan kecenderungan untuk menjatuhkan benda. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Pengobatan</b> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Beberapa orang dengan gejala ringan carpal tunnel syndrome dapat meringankan ketidaknyamanan mereka dengan mengambil istirahat lebih sering dan memberikan kompres dingin untuk mengurangi pembengkakan. Jika hal tersebut tidak dapat membantu dalam beberapa minggu, pilihan pengobatan tambahan termasuk belat pergelangan tangan, obat-obatan, dan operasi. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Belat dan perawatan konservatif lainnya lebih mungkin untuk membantu jika hanya memiliki gejala ringan sampai sedang kurang dari 10 bulan.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
1. Terapi non-bedah
Metode ini dapat meliputi:
1. Belat pergelangan tangan.
2. Obat anti inflammatory drugs (NSAID)
3. Kortikosteroid </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
2. Operasi
Jika gejala yang parah atau menetap setelah mencoba terapi non-bedah, operasi mungkin akan menjadi pilihan terbaik.
Tujuan dari operasi terowongan karpal adalah untuk mengurangi tekanan pada saraf median dengan memotong ligamentum menekan pada saraf. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Beberapa teknik operasi tersebut dapat mencakup:
1. Endoscopic surgery
2. Open surgery</div>
ernamahyunihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12801893357456165272noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6733912773427291498.post-41789384860288542672012-12-09T08:06:00.000-08:002012-12-17T08:50:04.579-08:00Gaster ( Lambung )Lambung berbentuk seperti huruf J dan merupakan pembesaran dari saluran pencernaan. Lambung terletak tepat dibawah diafragma pada daerah epigastrik, umbilikal, dan hipokardiak kiri di perut. Bagian superior lambung merupakan kelanjutan dari esofagus. Bagian inferior berdekatan dengan duodenum yang merupakan bagian awal dari usus halus. Pada setiap individu, posisi dan ukuran lambung bervariasi. Sebagai contoh, diafragma mendorong lambung ke bawah pada setiap inspirasi dan menariknya kembali pada setiap ekspirasi. Jika lambung berada dalam keadaan kosong bentuknya menyerupai sosis yang besar, tetapi lambung dapat meregang untuk menampung makanan dalam jumlah yang sangat besar.
Lambung dibagi oleh ahli anatomi menjadi empat bagian, yaitu bagian fundus, kardiak, “body” atau badan, dan pilorus. Bagian kardiak mengelilingi lower esophageal sphincter. Bagian bulat yang terletak diatas dan disebelah kiri bagian kardiak adalah fundus. Di bawah fundus adalah bagian pusat yang terbesar dari lambung, yang disebut dengan “body” atau badan lambung. Bagian yang menyempit, pada daerah inferior adalah pilorus. Tepi bagian tengah yang berbentuk cekung dari lambung disebut dengan lesser curvature atau lekukan kecil. Tepi bagian lateral ( samping ) yang berbentuk cembung disebut dengan greater curvature atau lekukan besar. Pilorus berkomunikasi dengan bagian duodenum dari usus halus melalui sphincter yang disebut dengan pyloric sphincter.
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkbTS0Ws-fHFpsD7mVx6LyfQpd43fOcKRIU6jVExf0AJpxJx1CtY7RGxyrx9dJ6hJQu0DO_DOwaH0rPl0WyOyLwmktupyZAGrjsd_qodbrdnRb7IjjmKhgDKD_humuU9R_fNF8Q1NeEjTf/s1600/anatomi_lambung_usushalus.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" height="294" width="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkbTS0Ws-fHFpsD7mVx6LyfQpd43fOcKRIU6jVExf0AJpxJx1CtY7RGxyrx9dJ6hJQu0DO_DOwaH0rPl0WyOyLwmktupyZAGrjsd_qodbrdnRb7IjjmKhgDKD_humuU9R_fNF8Q1NeEjTf/s320/anatomi_lambung_usushalus.jpg" /></a></div>ini adalah gambar gaster di tubuh kita
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoiJPegsq9fE82XyztoRZufuxfCJ-mWJ9sLeaW5t-NmF5P2HVDksX6zzNrQpH4RaQyrt7GF6nFIuY0v6OcO6e_cK8_Z4D2Kj51WGzrfp3Rd3Z2P3ep2dR-swnbQs-iy5kBe1Skt_cOl732/s1600/gaster.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" height="320" width="301" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoiJPegsq9fE82XyztoRZufuxfCJ-mWJ9sLeaW5t-NmF5P2HVDksX6zzNrQpH4RaQyrt7GF6nFIuY0v6OcO6e_cK8_Z4D2Kj51WGzrfp3Rd3Z2P3ep2dR-swnbQs-iy5kBe1Skt_cOl732/s320/gaster.jpg" /></a></div>ini adalah lambung cadaver setelah deseksi
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjfpqrjvf1usmQj9diljG1fhcUvBYiXpw76E8DI3K8kMiaNFyIPPMs06u5Z39-sYg1GuxSDTlvKhsHtudIuK_13BQYe-kChhuhPOnEZ9gaaE8gpKj_8CVJ0ZHn_-piya2hk0Tn5GeceZMg/s1600/stomach2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" height="244" width="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjfpqrjvf1usmQj9diljG1fhcUvBYiXpw76E8DI3K8kMiaNFyIPPMs06u5Z39-sYg1GuxSDTlvKhsHtudIuK_13BQYe-kChhuhPOnEZ9gaaE8gpKj_8CVJ0ZHn_-piya2hk0Tn5GeceZMg/s320/stomach2.jpg" /></a></div>Gaster beserta bagian-bagiannya
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhx-vfwYQD-gnkVltIkxiUuufKT99TrRSKv2TyyDoRKsdC8QSQVUFnbfTf0nYLezc5fOI35Ah1Ge3a9FyaxNlqm89JKW-2yir99BxKCWn2R4jfx-ijtndbFz3Kp011u_n6VoCT0rlxF2gB2/s1600/X2604-S-56.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" height="216" width="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhx-vfwYQD-gnkVltIkxiUuufKT99TrRSKv2TyyDoRKsdC8QSQVUFnbfTf0nYLezc5fOI35Ah1Ge3a9FyaxNlqm89JKW-2yir99BxKCWn2R4jfx-ijtndbFz3Kp011u_n6VoCT0rlxF2gB2/s320/X2604-S-56.png" /></a></div>
- Di dalam gater terdapat 2 incisura yaitu : incisura cardiaca, dan incisura angularis
- dan di dalam lambung juga terdapat serat-serat yang disebut dengan plica gastrica ( di regio cardia dan fundus terdapat sedikit plica )
ernamahyunihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12801893357456165272noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6733912773427291498.post-40823068555507261692012-12-09T07:34:00.001-08:002012-12-09T07:34:45.380-08:00Pretest and Postest Biologi :3pretest gambar 1 ( animal cell)
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipWs1DhvBgT-z3bqwInEtmLAHdaWs7-Pj3_NXgcYfoiwuqCcNVZPNfZsM-2yIpHE-UR1NpYbAKgOUdvgIExHpTiYA3hrts_GX5yd3ocJlY09QL7mmlF46Mt9pI783L2IqpTzkdzFTDLMqv/s1600/cell.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left:1em; margin-right:1em"><img border="0" height="243" width="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipWs1DhvBgT-z3bqwInEtmLAHdaWs7-Pj3_NXgcYfoiwuqCcNVZPNfZsM-2yIpHE-UR1NpYbAKgOUdvgIExHpTiYA3hrts_GX5yd3ocJlY09QL7mmlF46Mt9pI783L2IqpTzkdzFTDLMqv/s320/cell.gif" /></a></div>
pretest gambar 2 ( cell membrane )
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcFVnJtNXQr1RcUESBNCKDxB0hbSizVlGVOU5AU8yv6kQj2xPcuPdlcAXP0lRslqFjfMSps5bkq_ZlsdVnzOcOofk0HYd0eSWB-JEIiu9NpinfzPdgPEBuJmmX2ITkqEDOjj0LvvUc5pNG/s1600/pmembrane.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left:1em; margin-right:1em"><img border="0" height="227" width="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcFVnJtNXQr1RcUESBNCKDxB0hbSizVlGVOU5AU8yv6kQj2xPcuPdlcAXP0lRslqFjfMSps5bkq_ZlsdVnzOcOofk0HYd0eSWB-JEIiu9NpinfzPdgPEBuJmmX2ITkqEDOjj0LvvUc5pNG/s320/pmembrane.jpg" /></a></div>
ernamahyunihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12801893357456165272noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6733912773427291498.post-60438625107964305482012-11-10T09:39:00.000-08:002012-12-07T09:45:58.452-08:00AborsiAborsi adalah salah satu tindakan yang bisa menimbulkan banyak dampak buruk bagi kesehatan. Kini bertambah lagi efek buruk dari aborsi yaitu meningkatkan risiko terkena gangguan mental.
Aborsi bukanlah suatu prosedur medis yang sederhana. Jika dilakukan secara sembarangan dapat menimbulkan risiko kesehatan yang serius. Bahkan bagi beberapa perempuan hal ini dapat mempengaruhi fisik, emosional dan spiritualnya. Namun tidak semua orang tahu tentang risiko yang bisa dialami jika melakukan aborsi.
Pengertian aborsi adalah keluar prematur dari hasil konsepsi (janin, membran janin, dan plasenta) dari rahim. Ini adalah hilangnya kehamilan dan tidak mengacu pada mengapa kehamilan yang hilang.
Sebuah aborsi spontan adalah sama dengan keguguran. Keguguran 3 atau lebih kehamilan berturut-turut disebut aborsi kebiasaan.
Mendefinisikan Aborsi berdasarkan Definisi Medis
Aborsi menurut definisi adalah tidak baru dalam masyarakat manusia. Aborsi adalah mengakhiri kehidupan dalam rahim ibu. Definisi medis yang diberikan di atas. Definisi Alkitab hanyalah pembunuhan seorang bayi di dalam rahim ibu, dan pelanggaran Jangan membunuh.
Aborsi adalah salah satu mata pelajaran yang paling sulit, kontroversial, dan menyakitkan dalam masyarakat modern. Kontroversi utama berkisar pada pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang membuat keputusan tentang aborsi, individu atau negara; dalam keadaan apa mungkin dilakukan, dan yang mampu membuat keputusan. Pertanyaan medis seperti teknik aborsi kurang kontroversial tapi kadang-kadang bagian dari perdebatan yang lebih besar.
Aborsi bukanlah hal baru dalam masyarakat manusia, sebuah studi oleh antropolog George Devereux, menunjukkan bahwa lebih dari 300 kontemporer masyarakat nonindustrial manusia dipraktekkan aborsi. Perempuan telah melakukan aborsi pada diri mereka sendiri atau aborsi yang berpengalaman di tangan orang lain selama ribuan tahun dan aborsi terus terjadi hari ini dalam pengembangan wilayah di bawah kondisi medis primitif. Namun, teknologi modern dan perubahan sosial telah membuat aborsi sebuah bagian dari perawatan kesehatan modern. Pada saat yang sama, aborsi telah menjadi isu politik di beberapa masyarakat dan titik nyala untuk perbedaan pendapat tentang peran perempuan dan otonomi individu dalam keputusan-keputusan hidup.
RESIKO ABORSI
Aborsi memiliki resiko yang tinggi terhadap kesehatan maupun keselamatan seorang wanita. Tidak benar jika dikatakan bahwa jika seseorang melakukan aborsi ia “tidak merasakan apa-apa dan langsung boleh pulang”.
Ini adalah informasi yang sangat menyesatkan bagi setiap wanita, terutama mereka yang sedang kebingungan karena tidak menginginkan kehamilan yang sudah terjadi.
Ada 2 macam resiko kesehatan terhadap wanita yang melakukan aborsi:
1. Resiko kesehatan dan keselamatan secara fisik
2. Resiko gangguan psikologis
Resiko kesehatan dan keselamatan fisik
Pada saat melakukan aborsi dan setelah melakukan aborsi ada beberapa resiko yang akan dihadapi seorang wanita, seperti yang dijelaskan dalam buku “Facts of Life” yang ditulis oleh Brian Clowes, Phd yaitu:
1. Kematian mendadak karena pendarahan hebat
2. Kematian mendadak karena pembiusan yang gagal
3. Kematian secara lambat akibat infeksi serius disekitar kandungan
4. Rahim yang sobek (Uterine Perforation)
5. Kerusakan leher rahim (Cervical Lacerations) yang akan menyebabkan cacat pada
anak berikutnya
6. Kanker payudara (karena ketidakseimbangan hormon estrogen pada wanita)
7. Kanker indung telur (Ovarian Cancer)
8. Kanker leher rahim (Cervical Cancer)
9. Kanker hati (Liver Cancer)
10. Kelainan pada placenta/ari-ari (Placenta Previa) yang akan menyebabkan cacat
pada anak berikutnya dan pendarahan hebat pada saat kehamilan berikutnya
11. Menjadi mandul/tidak mampu memiliki keturunan lagi (Ectopic Pregnancy)
12. Infeksi rongga panggul (Pelvic Inflammatory Disease)
13. Infeksi pada lapisan rahim (Endometriosis)
Resiko kesehatan mental
Proses aborsi bukan saja suatu proses yang memiliki resiko tinggi dari segi kesehatan dan keselamatan seorang wanita secara fisik, tetapi juga memiliki dampak yang sangat hebat terhadap keadaan mental seorang wanita.
Gejala ini dikenal dalam dunia psikologi sebagai “Post-Abortion Syndrome” (Sindrom Paska-Aborsi) atau PAS. Gejala-gejala ini dicatat dalam “Psychological Reactions Reported After Abortion” di dalam penerbitan The Post-Abortion Review (1994).
Pada dasarnya seorang wanita yang melakukan aborsi akan mengalami hal-hal seperti berikut ini:
1. Kehilangan harga diri (82%)
2. Berteriak-teriak histeris (51%)
3. Mimpi buruk berkali-kali mengenai bayi (63%)
4. Ingin melakukan bunuh diri (28%)
5. Mulai mencoba menggunakan obat-obat terlarang (41%)
6. Tidak bisa menikmati lagi hubungan seksual (59%)
Diluar hal-hal tersebut diatas para wanita yang melakukan aborsi akan dipenuhi perasaan bersalah yang tidak hilang selama bertahun-tahun dalam hidupnya.ernamahyunihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12801893357456165272noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6733912773427291498.post-70516113788051086222011-03-29T03:52:00.000-07:002011-03-29T03:52:48.795-07:00Panduan Cara Membuat Blogsebenarnya saat ini ada dua layanan blog gratis yang sering digunakan oleh para bloger untuk ngeblog, yaitu blogspot (bloger) dan wordpress. Tapi kali ini saya akan memberikan panduan cara membuat blog dengan blogspot (blogger) saja. Alasan saya karena saya rasa cara membuat dan mengelola blog di bloger lebih mudah dibandingkan dengan di wordpress. Tapi satu saat ini saya usahakan akan membuat juga tentang panduan cara membuat blog di wordpress yang juga gratis tentunya.<br />
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oke lah… tanpa banyak berbasa basi lagi baca baaik-baik langkah-langkah cara membuat blog di bawah ini ya…<br />
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1. Yang harus kamu siapkan dan wajib sebelum membuat atau bikin blog di blogspot (blogger) adalah memiliki email terlebih dahulu. email ini nantinya digunakan untuk mendaftar pertama kali. jika belum bisa atau belum membuat email baca di sini (klik di sini), disitu sudah saya bahas tentang langkah membuat email. Tenang saja tidak usah terburu-buru. Baca dulu panduan ini sampai habis, kemudian baru dipraktekkan. oke<br />
2. Jika sudah membuat email, bukalah alamat www.blogger.com, dan pastikan yang muncul adalah website seperti di bawah ini<br />
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kemudian klik gambar panah orange yang bertuliskan CIPTAKAN BLOG ANDA<br />
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3. Setelah itu akan muncul halaman seperti di bawah ini<br />
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pada kolom alamat email : masukan email kamu<br />
ketik ulang alamat email : masukan lagi email yang sama seperti diatas<br />
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masukan sebuah paswod : isiakan kanta kunci (minimal 8 karakter, bisa huruf bisa angka)<br />
ketikan ulang sandi : masukan lagi paswod yang telah kamu masukan sama dengan yang di atas<br />
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Nama tampilan : isi nama kamu atau nama alias kamu (ini akan tampil bersamaa dengan posting, artikel yang kamu buat)<br />
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verifikasi : masukkan gambar kata yang terdapat di atas kolom.<br />
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pada gambar di atas sudah saya sertakan contoh pengisiannya<br />
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jika sudah diisi semua lalu klik gambar panah orange (lanjutkan)<br />
4. Kemudian akan muncul seperti ini<br />
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Isilah Judul Blog sesuai dengan keinginannmu<br />
isi juga alamat blog sesuai dengan keinginanmu juga, jika alamatmu menggunakan 2 kata atau lebih. pisahlah dengan tanda titik ( . ) atau tanda ( – ). karena tidak bisa menggunakan spasi.<br />
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contoh pengisiannya seperti gambar ini<br />
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terkadang alamat blog yang kita tulis sudah pakai oleh orang lain, jika sudah dipakai orang lain berati tidak bisa digunakan. Untuk mengetahui sudah dipakai orang lain atau belum Klik saja link “cek ketersediaan” jika belum dipakai orang lain, maka di bawahnya akan muncul tulisan warna hijau yang bertuliskan Alamat blog ini tersedia<br />
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jika sudah klik menu lanjutkan<br />
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5. Setelah kamu klik menu lanjutkan.. akan muncul halaman seperti ini<br />
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itu adalah jendela disain template. untuk memilih tinggal klik salah satu. kemudian menu klik lanjutkan, maka yang muncul adalah gambar seperti ini<br />
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dengan begitu kamu telah selesai membuat suatu blog…. sekarang tinggal mengisi dengan artikel kamu saja..<br />
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6. okelah langsung saja kita belajar mengisi artikel… Kliklah tombol panah Mulai Blogging<br />
maka akan muncul gambar seperti di bawah ini, gambar di bawah merupakan contoh pengisian artikel<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJX1WpZljHnQLkMMONU3hmwlkSnZf7lpsnu0w-ORDYQh2XxRjJvIYaV_TYxcJ7vMhfm4828pmqJBfSK0lKmo9EdiU0cwhazJiAakk_Eb7k7lB4z4RUwyOPkI_XjF_K6tlSpooSPnIBf_4o/s1600/7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left:1em; margin-right:1em"><img border="0" height="262" width="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJX1WpZljHnQLkMMONU3hmwlkSnZf7lpsnu0w-ORDYQh2XxRjJvIYaV_TYxcJ7vMhfm4828pmqJBfSK0lKmo9EdiU0cwhazJiAakk_Eb7k7lB4z4RUwyOPkI_XjF_K6tlSpooSPnIBf_4o/s320/7.jpg" /></a></div><br />
Kolom judul untuk judul artikel<br />
dalam kolom yang lebar di bawahnya itu untuk menulis artikel kamu<br />
dan label untuk mengisi jenis kategory artikel.<br />
<br />
jika sudah diisi semua kemudian tekan menu MEMPUBLIKASIKAN POSTING, jika muncul seperti ini<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdtnW4R_2Df3JC2TxW65QHuJedQI_eNtOAeLAp3XQP-3uOR1BO6tDdP4dr_ZECqz7m-aisI9zOG5RvJWu5EYImE-DXtgg12_7Ts5LXmpK5c6NevLMqkcv-bXsI3QWpq4F7F3TaDzFvV4Di/s1600/8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left:1em; margin-right:1em"><img border="0" height="206" width="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdtnW4R_2Df3JC2TxW65QHuJedQI_eNtOAeLAp3XQP-3uOR1BO6tDdP4dr_ZECqz7m-aisI9zOG5RvJWu5EYImE-DXtgg12_7Ts5LXmpK5c6NevLMqkcv-bXsI3QWpq4F7F3TaDzFvV4Di/s320/8.jpg" /></a></div><br />
maka kamu telah berhasil membuat satu artikel, untuk melihatnya klik menu Lihat BLog<br />
<br />
maka yang tampil akan seperti ini<br />
cara membuat blog<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPCujhVbwrj4csHc7W-67lqtM_bG3YTj4J6D6ud5PR9g2I-_51rDf5wsN_MxP3uxL3f9dcMaw71pVmaMEVIeRZxOxGiLtr9Qs2AOSWciTlbF94gH-lWpYs0Gw-9gcHnUk1YYka0tsSQ_pI/s1600/9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left:1em; margin-right:1em"><img border="0" height="244" width="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPCujhVbwrj4csHc7W-67lqtM_bG3YTj4J6D6ud5PR9g2I-_51rDf5wsN_MxP3uxL3f9dcMaw71pVmaMEVIeRZxOxGiLtr9Qs2AOSWciTlbF94gH-lWpYs0Gw-9gcHnUk1YYka0tsSQ_pI/s320/9.jpg" /></a></div><br />
jika sudah muncul seperti itu.. kamu berati telah selesai dan berhasil membuat posting<br />
<br />
7. Suatu saat jika ingin memposting artikel baru lagi, kamu tidak perlu mendaftar lagi… tinggal buka https://www.blogger.com/start, kemudian<br />
masukkan email kamu, dan paswod kamu saja, kemudian klik menu “masuk” maka kamu akan di bawa ke menu dashboard,<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIFnuL9r1tan9_a_gKUK0xLuTOXy0pcfw2Y3Vb2JaWVVFcNzuEZNeMdIy53HyEsVDf-Tu_wC49uc9XAM5ad-Ap5Y4Y9BTlP8xhHnltaVPrUzJD_tX7TQbDlmBGo_T-C_8i1DlIr3LQxVP0/s1600/10.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left:1em; margin-right:1em"><img border="0" height="172" width="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIFnuL9r1tan9_a_gKUK0xLuTOXy0pcfw2Y3Vb2JaWVVFcNzuEZNeMdIy53HyEsVDf-Tu_wC49uc9XAM5ad-Ap5Y4Y9BTlP8xhHnltaVPrUzJD_tX7TQbDlmBGo_T-C_8i1DlIr3LQxVP0/s320/10.jpg" /></a></div><br />
sesaat kemudian kamu akan masuk pada dasboard bloger kamu, di situ kamu bisa mengedit, membuat posting, ataupun mengatur setting blog kamu.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjT87Brg8teJ51wvnhA0tZ6cttCEiQnBV7dn85QB5fzUXJqNPS5WxmvkKd7XK9d_p3Cp3Fi_j1pZ0YD7yFihQom9N4tIAUBmN39rpy46GNhXC68RVhUUQk7_Izu8u1XKH3TDF4bm6_-IAwv/s1600/11.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left:1em; margin-right:1em"><img border="0" height="150" width="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjT87Brg8teJ51wvnhA0tZ6cttCEiQnBV7dn85QB5fzUXJqNPS5WxmvkKd7XK9d_p3Cp3Fi_j1pZ0YD7yFihQom9N4tIAUBmN39rpy46GNhXC68RVhUUQk7_Izu8u1XKH3TDF4bm6_-IAwv/s320/11.jpg" /></a></div><br />
dan yang terakhir, agar akun blogger kamu bisa digunakan secara penuh, jangan lupa konfirmasi dulu aku bloger kamu. caranya cek email yang kamu gunakan untuk mendaftar, di situ akan terdapat satu buah email dari blogger berisi link konfirmasi. klik link tersebut, seperti gambar di bawah ini<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAE28ZEWPYhC4ZaYyE9L5YNpFRboqeM8QCmGzhS4Rr2tJgw_x2oQ7U5GRLKm_ErnurGxy7tUIsvBjR9C3RPOAF1HGAaKQFH2xhwuBGqFSD7Xnl4Rl2i7aQqeovqDUcjhQo6Z3zBboOuN8-/s1600/12.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left:1em; margin-right:1em"><img border="0" height="112" width="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAE28ZEWPYhC4ZaYyE9L5YNpFRboqeM8QCmGzhS4Rr2tJgw_x2oQ7U5GRLKm_ErnurGxy7tUIsvBjR9C3RPOAF1HGAaKQFH2xhwuBGqFSD7Xnl4Rl2i7aQqeovqDUcjhQo6Z3zBboOuN8-/s320/12.jpg" /></a></div><br />
setelah kamu klik link tersebut, kamu akan diarahkan ke halaman seperti gambar di bawah ini, menunjukkan akun blogger kamu sudah dikonfirmasi.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFFhBrsRUYW3mf-SlEQPmZXcWsCtcLecWRC-GP0o4WX79hGgl-T5ycYV6PddDfjisefzJxmCGsXf88zSCfUgxqP8VN3zew361V-uryk4HYUaVgLhB9SZsVyF7htlIPNnFokef72aQ3hT1F/s1600/13.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left:1em; margin-right:1em"><img border="0" height="202" width="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFFhBrsRUYW3mf-SlEQPmZXcWsCtcLecWRC-GP0o4WX79hGgl-T5ycYV6PddDfjisefzJxmCGsXf88zSCfUgxqP8VN3zew361V-uryk4HYUaVgLhB9SZsVyF7htlIPNnFokef72aQ3hT1F/s320/13.jpg" /></a></div><br />
8. Oh iya jika kamu sudah mempunyai email di Gmail. kamu tida perlu mendaftar dari awal… tapi langsung saja masukkan alamat email gmail kamu dan paswod kamu, kemudian klik menu masuk.<br />
<br />
jika menggunakan email dari Gmail, kamu tidak perlu memasukan paswod dan email lain ataupun capta kode lagi… tinggal masukkan nama tampilan saja<br />
<br />
kelanjutan langkah-langkahnya sama dengan yang di atas….<br />
<br />
sampai di sini dulu posting tentang langkah membuat blog di blogspot, semoga cukup mudah dipahami, jika kurang paham mohon maaf, dan bisa menuliskan komentar ada di bawah ini jika ada pertanyaan dan saran. terima kasih. dan selamat mencoba ! :)ernamahyunihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12801893357456165272noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6733912773427291498.post-13244301982755540512011-03-29T03:05:00.000-07:002011-03-29T03:05:09.405-07:00Facebook badge profile di blogspotMungkin kamu tidak asing lagi dengan yang namanya facebook dan bagaimana kalau kamu juga punya blog dengan wordpress pastinya ingin menaruh profil facebook ini ke dalamnya sehingga para pengujung blog kamu dapat melihat foto, nama , email , status dan website kamu pada facebook. Untuk membuatnya di wordpress silahkan baca artikel Facebook badge profile di worpdress yang telah di post sebelumnya. Berikut ini aku akan memberitahukan bagaimana membuatnya pada blogspot.<br />
<br />
1. Login dan Masuk pada Facebook Badge kamu.<br />
2. Bila kamu ingin meletakan badge ini pada sidebar di blogspot silahkan pilih format Javascript.<br />
3. Bila kamu ingin meletakan badge ini pada artikel atau postingan di blogspot silahkan pilih format Image.<br />
4. Pada bagian Items pilih yang ingin ditampilkan pada badge seperti website, birthday, status updates dll. seperti gambar dibawah ini :<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj755MuZRHVAYoFhWgYl3Rv9XPzJSW4Q4qNsr_4RJM0y6p8602ZNsxjIj-3Lnn-SKs4PsNYRugBWJTY3sFxz_2QbGFD763EFlKRugoFvNQOjDZtXif8moxNF3jBSY52jPEx6f0yc6OMlig7/s1600/1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left:1em; margin-right:1em"><img border="0" height="155" width="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj755MuZRHVAYoFhWgYl3Rv9XPzJSW4Q4qNsr_4RJM0y6p8602ZNsxjIj-3Lnn-SKs4PsNYRugBWJTY3sFxz_2QbGFD763EFlKRugoFvNQOjDZtXif8moxNF3jBSY52jPEx6f0yc6OMlig7/s320/1.png" /></a></div>5. Setelah cocok click Save dan akan muncul code yang akan di copy pada sidebar atau postingan kamu.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpn0PFA688PDafa0yKqQi0entILdUF9bvrHypttk1RvyUnReMxvsEyPu4RfbvFe-LdqF7ELA05wWzW8I2bbP_sH0ksqmTmhHbKltA7bJbKgIaNwcdDkm3UDuBpD7SrYVCwFb9z-O9NymdC/s1600/2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left:1em; margin-right:1em"><img border="0" height="171" width="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpn0PFA688PDafa0yKqQi0entILdUF9bvrHypttk1RvyUnReMxvsEyPu4RfbvFe-LdqF7ELA05wWzW8I2bbP_sH0ksqmTmhHbKltA7bJbKgIaNwcdDkm3UDuBpD7SrYVCwFb9z-O9NymdC/s320/2.png" /></a></div><br />
Code Javascript yang akan di letakan pada sidebar.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLlYdWWumnLYi-q3Tf3eQxC4q2xg0S4qSurSJs9v4mmc4W7jFAqGW2Elr_Lzlqn4zvwnzLrY70xNi7qSg-pboLkZegvLg7vl6YH6Ozctm87LD8tq-iqDhcKeu4NtUlbMQdOs-a6-8KvQWP/s1600/3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left:1em; margin-right:1em"><img border="0" height="165" width="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLlYdWWumnLYi-q3Tf3eQxC4q2xg0S4qSurSJs9v4mmc4W7jFAqGW2Elr_Lzlqn4zvwnzLrY70xNi7qSg-pboLkZegvLg7vl6YH6Ozctm87LD8tq-iqDhcKeu4NtUlbMQdOs-a6-8KvQWP/s320/3.png" /></a></div><br />
Code HTML yang akan di letakan pada artikel atau postingan.<br />
Nah sekarang Facebook badge sudah tampil diblogspot kamu. Semoga dapat membantu.ernamahyunihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12801893357456165272noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6733912773427291498.post-183304357220400452011-03-29T02:45:00.000-07:002011-03-29T02:45:17.618-07:00Sharing koneksi internet pada jaringan peer to peerKemarin dirumah saya ada dua komputer yang digunakan tetapi hanya satu komputer yang dapat terkoneksi keinternet dan salah satu tidak. Berhubung Hub dan Switch tidak ada jadi saat itu saya bertanya kepada kakak saya apakah komputer yang terkoneksi tersebut memiliki 2 NIC dan ternyata iya. Jadi langsung saja koneksikan komputer yang tidak memiliki akses internet ke host yang memiliki 2 NIC tersebut. Ini bertujuan untuk melakukan sharing koneksi internet dengan melakukan Bridge Connections pada kedua komputer. Berikut ini merupakan topology dari kedua komputer tersebut agar dapat terkoneksi internet:<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqmSJLKCorIQzmoO-glcLyV5rmNNVu0AL0Jnr5pFESPJ8tKw97KoT8BUF-jYxG7HahWufSRmm0D2cB_ISOJovMTlmYGR-tGjQf3dzg8c9I1eTHkeTJxPw8g7Zb3tXpbFpNXmlwqpN9x4Do/s1600/topology-bridge.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left:1em; margin-right:1em"><img border="0" height="105" width="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqmSJLKCorIQzmoO-glcLyV5rmNNVu0AL0Jnr5pFESPJ8tKw97KoT8BUF-jYxG7HahWufSRmm0D2cB_ISOJovMTlmYGR-tGjQf3dzg8c9I1eTHkeTJxPw8g7Zb3tXpbFpNXmlwqpN9x4Do/s320/topology-bridge.png" /></a></div><br />
<br />
Untuk melakukan Bridge Connections ikuti langkah – langkah berikut:<br />
1. Pada PC A Masuklah pada Control Panel lalu double klik icon Network Connections.<br />
2. Setelah berada pada Network Connections sortir kedua NIC lanjutkan dengan mengklik kanan lalu pilih Bridge Connections . Setelahnya akan nampak icon bridge baru :<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgKhJmHH8ItI4tTszP7NrQ2vGOSF5CFbSLo64IQ6AdnukYCqIGUSNzAatajH0J6Amlv5Ax6oNJDhHC3HRfKUvO5bsnKXSWGaPnnwLzqW58XPIvrIIYsc5C6UFjaHnkf8fpu_jIpJQTLUHB/s1600/2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left:1em; margin-right:1em"><img border="0" height="94" width="284" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgKhJmHH8ItI4tTszP7NrQ2vGOSF5CFbSLo64IQ6AdnukYCqIGUSNzAatajH0J6Amlv5Ax6oNJDhHC3HRfKUvO5bsnKXSWGaPnnwLzqW58XPIvrIIYsc5C6UFjaHnkf8fpu_jIpJQTLUHB/s320/2.png" /></a></div>ernamahyunihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12801893357456165272noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6733912773427291498.post-69847591827523760302011-03-28T22:13:00.000-07:002011-03-28T22:22:39.242-07:00Cara instalasi windows xpBeberapa orang, yang dapat menggunakan Sistem Operasi Windows bagaimana dengan menginstal Windows disistem komputer mereka sendiri. Mungkin bagi sebagian orang hal ini sangat mudah tetapi bagi para pengguna awam ini sangatlah sulit karena faktor kebiasaan menginstal komputernya yang kurang. Artikel ini aku pada siapa saja yang ingin belajar cara menginstal komputernya sendiri dengan benar tanpa takut melakukan kesalahan karena tutorial ini aku sertakan dengan gambar-gambar yang sangat mudah dimengerti.<br />
Spesifikasi minimum hardware yang dibutuhkan:<br />
• Prosesor Pentium 1.5 Ghz/AMD yang setara<br />
• CDROM/DVDROM drive<br />
• RAM 128 MB<br />
1. Sebelumnya kamu membutuhkan CD master Windows XP terlebih dahulu kemudian masukan di CDROM/DVDROM kamu. Lalu restart komputer kamu, kemudian nampak tampilan seperti gambar lalu tekan tombol Delete pada keybord agar kamu dapat masuk di BIOS(Basic Input Output System) komputer. Pada beberapa jenis Mainboard harus menekan tombol F2 pada keyboard. Kamu dapat melihatnya pada perintah Press DEL to run Setup.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAta4tq6z_AIsYJlcfPvbT995oTadfgqR1WP2kbOjjn1jQGOqgzGn_F8kH3zku41RACvhG_Cg6VEm4tFqf_lJtlTN1KgnpQGV8EeNCKISV2LfGIx7FOLFVL_WZVKM-O54uzuiA0AOtP8yQ/s1600/1.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:center;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" height="161" width="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAta4tq6z_AIsYJlcfPvbT995oTadfgqR1WP2kbOjjn1jQGOqgzGn_F8kH3zku41RACvhG_Cg6VEm4tFqf_lJtlTN1KgnpQGV8EeNCKISV2LfGIx7FOLFVL_WZVKM-O54uzuiA0AOtP8yQ/s320/1.png" /></a></div><br />
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2. Lalu kamu akan berada dalam BIOS kemudian pilih Boot pada menu dan pilih item Boot Device Priority seperti pada gambar.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgb5hFC603sV3pcBlvko29NngpjVXalP-4F1CgIATKotSopm5AGQxb3MZPG-jF1N3KRzNxOxM-LdQILyHBDTxOnebEnQIh76LMA6iW9IBOosk6UVIsgNYldnUlaauqP8SLfgBDrHLg7u15V/s1600/2.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:center;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" height="188" width="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgb5hFC603sV3pcBlvko29NngpjVXalP-4F1CgIATKotSopm5AGQxb3MZPG-jF1N3KRzNxOxM-LdQILyHBDTxOnebEnQIh76LMA6iW9IBOosk6UVIsgNYldnUlaauqP8SLfgBDrHLg7u15V/s320/2.png" /></a></div><br />
<br />
<br />
3. Setelah itu Kamu merubah [CDROM] pada posisi 1st Boot Device untuk boot melalui CDROM dengan menggunakan tombol +- di keyboard.Lalu tekan F10 untuk menyimpan konfigurasi kamu.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEingzPzbOT3s-XhMyrCOuY5y8ynaDBwwN_Xn9Sv9qIyy3eWAUOL_1jR36DmxlZThX46Z5nWYtkd-KndmOaRGw9Se-RGqz1BsGUp-2toMQATJV4klroB9j9Crv4sfZXvUeIRTo2MotQdYwtS/s1600/3.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:center;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" height="187" width="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEingzPzbOT3s-XhMyrCOuY5y8ynaDBwwN_Xn9Sv9qIyy3eWAUOL_1jR36DmxlZThX46Z5nWYtkd-KndmOaRGw9Se-RGqz1BsGUp-2toMQATJV4klroB9j9Crv4sfZXvUeIRTo2MotQdYwtS/s320/3.png" /></a></div><br />
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4. Restart komputer tunggu hingga muncul tulisan seperti pada gambar lalu tekan sembarang tombol dengan cepat.<br />
5. Setelah pada tampilan berikut tekan Enter untuk lanjut pada proses instal atau R untuk melakukan reparasi Windows di Recovery Consule atau F3 untuk mengakhiri proses instal.<br />
6. Lanjut pada Lisencing Agreement tekan F8 untuk lanjut dan ESC untuk batalkan proses.<br />
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7. Pada gambar posisi partisi belum terisi oleh sistem windows.Tekan C untuk membuat partisi baru pada harddisk dan Enter untuk menginstal.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjXsxDXf3MGhyphenhyphen2XF_BWC-0WNLAFVXpujGVragJ8ipnfFf-Sut0P5qxbe9ZIwyOxCK5QiSOBsap5qmlKnAn6pGjL5xH1HzXhDwKJLiV_O6ex-OUDSdwK-shcucbmU_RoBpItDRUheHdRj9p/s1600/5.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:center;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" height="187" width="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjXsxDXf3MGhyphenhyphen2XF_BWC-0WNLAFVXpujGVragJ8ipnfFf-Sut0P5qxbe9ZIwyOxCK5QiSOBsap5qmlKnAn6pGjL5xH1HzXhDwKJLiV_O6ex-OUDSdwK-shcucbmU_RoBpItDRUheHdRj9p/s320/5.png" /></a></div><br />
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8. Lalu masukan berapa besar kapasitas partisi yang ingin kamu buat dalam satuan megabytes(MB) dan tekan Enter untuk membuat partisinya seperti terlihat pada gambar.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJ8yf3Nwp2C_R8rzp80VAtf20Tt03P6DUvhGf4bpyqGFFY9V2LuIuCQPiVoBjvQLz3WbBAoH6dZ-9MetTs0uUtv38BNsYPPmByGRzJgZnrCUTleezLJkY2d6fz3jNQP9HnVKJmGQrn-uL3/s1600/6.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:center;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" height="222" width="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJ8yf3Nwp2C_R8rzp80VAtf20Tt03P6DUvhGf4bpyqGFFY9V2LuIuCQPiVoBjvQLz3WbBAoH6dZ-9MetTs0uUtv38BNsYPPmByGRzJgZnrCUTleezLJkY2d6fz3jNQP9HnVKJmGQrn-uL3/s320/6.png" /></a></div><br />
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9. Kemudian tekan Enter untuk melakukan proses instal atau Delete untuk menghapus partisi.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQEktQOAgzJAmceuY94MGn38K41HIUwvlS1U_QSf7_2sjhCh9ViR8LrkXEPONToM1ssBJvPCF5kOYcn5-TqcxCcxb_ORlUa2irwPD1vTZrUXw1RMQNHPE8S21INstR0o2iuls6lq59GegR/s1600/7.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:center;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" height="186" width="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQEktQOAgzJAmceuY94MGn38K41HIUwvlS1U_QSf7_2sjhCh9ViR8LrkXEPONToM1ssBJvPCF5kOYcn5-TqcxCcxb_ORlUa2irwPD1vTZrUXw1RMQNHPE8S21INstR0o2iuls6lq59GegR/s320/7.png" /></a></div><br />
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10. Dan pilih NTFS file system (Quick) atau FAT file system (Quick) lalu tekan Enter.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiM6LdcWbPgheZFKkhyphenhyphen-10mmWx2ozwX4309wHK_1ZUKWfNr20BXBXgMnlMRHmtJMqdThCBc_GyFd25GHNtMu5xmHExRITutEHIBmVeb1V4VUAlOjy4mS98yCBWy5NnrRauBe57drUV2oU_r/s1600/8.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:center;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" height="236" width="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiM6LdcWbPgheZFKkhyphenhyphen-10mmWx2ozwX4309wHK_1ZUKWfNr20BXBXgMnlMRHmtJMqdThCBc_GyFd25GHNtMu5xmHExRITutEHIBmVeb1V4VUAlOjy4mS98yCBWy5NnrRauBe57drUV2oU_r/s320/8.png" /></a></div><br />
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11. Bila proses instalasi langkah 1 → 10 benar maka akan tampil seperti gambar.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPlrInQ0jvJzMrqSW4K1x7GHfyO9rFfJEk4vsoUrqtRr2IEmPE_8Yd9hBOrXLur4wG02UyfGCK9J1iB7wRIg7Eq5VRJC4YZMhggxp5PK0600BW1C2CHtfgIw8bcwvx1J60YrrpOdnTRnzv/s1600/9.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:center;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" height="230" width="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPlrInQ0jvJzMrqSW4K1x7GHfyO9rFfJEk4vsoUrqtRr2IEmPE_8Yd9hBOrXLur4wG02UyfGCK9J1iB7wRIg7Eq5VRJC4YZMhggxp5PK0600BW1C2CHtfgIw8bcwvx1J60YrrpOdnTRnzv/s320/9.png" /></a></div><br />
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12. Setelah itu kamu sampai pada layar berikut Click Next.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDu3wmMf1pdpiBl7aEsWqJQ7hX7wjDdUdiHcbAb27MsuvhzJPkS5FbemPuKOUus1uQCmlCTZSt-rfCb8i8JUEa2DMyruLGwd99Yik1qXjDUmvyHX4oMW64V3JvyOnnPpT723fg7OnJment/s1600/10.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:center;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" height="214" width="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDu3wmMf1pdpiBl7aEsWqJQ7hX7wjDdUdiHcbAb27MsuvhzJPkS5FbemPuKOUus1uQCmlCTZSt-rfCb8i8JUEa2DMyruLGwd99Yik1qXjDUmvyHX4oMW64V3JvyOnnPpT723fg7OnJment/s320/10.png" /></a></div><br />
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13. Lalu isikan dengan Nama dan Organisasi Kamu kemudian tekan Next.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1yS-WGMduOWj-h0mbH-ogzM129B7QJPtMFfldggwlZACEnFwJJpcn5eWnWYog6ZnN7Wo00MD1qM3XwdCjgjxdvqvw_G4HUGZIKzTLXwg0uALOiNHApcD4rLJSA4rP1CC7X1nxhKeo9zmn/s1600/11.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:center;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" height="214" width="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1yS-WGMduOWj-h0mbH-ogzM129B7QJPtMFfldggwlZACEnFwJJpcn5eWnWYog6ZnN7Wo00MD1qM3XwdCjgjxdvqvw_G4HUGZIKzTLXwg0uALOiNHApcD4rLJSA4rP1CC7X1nxhKeo9zmn/s320/11.png" /></a></div><br />
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14. Disini Kamu akan mengisikan Produk Key atau Serial Number dari type windows Kamu tekan Next lagi.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgqfkiULAydMUg3_v1duH401H5EOFGD525SMBMTXZJKD1IZOyUGX_8eqHidjjtV9tpHpEkKWYTGxk_Ftbwm3Daa5u0DRZIiRhxHJKWy6RpgeULgbbTGLvYBH2qtk0Pk_eEbCT6qg_FpreG/s1600/12.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:center;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" height="214" width="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgqfkiULAydMUg3_v1duH401H5EOFGD525SMBMTXZJKD1IZOyUGX_8eqHidjjtV9tpHpEkKWYTGxk_Ftbwm3Daa5u0DRZIiRhxHJKWy6RpgeULgbbTGLvYBH2qtk0Pk_eEbCT6qg_FpreG/s320/12.png" /></a></div><br />
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15. Isikan nama komputer dan password untuk mengaksesnya lalu tekan Next.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsT3D7FMtRpiyT-mSS1xyjimqkj6eb-Ku3e0CDUKWriqKJcjCgqOzGlDbXLkxVuUsEPbmG4ZUlSp0KOP7XMEmpCTlxncYum0aa6jZePRFHx-aEoEP0MIMCuc9tLp6r6QMYu8hIttHiIYZ3/s1600/13.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:center;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" height="214" width="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsT3D7FMtRpiyT-mSS1xyjimqkj6eb-Ku3e0CDUKWriqKJcjCgqOzGlDbXLkxVuUsEPbmG4ZUlSp0KOP7XMEmpCTlxncYum0aa6jZePRFHx-aEoEP0MIMCuc9tLp6r6QMYu8hIttHiIYZ3/s320/13.png" /></a></div><br />
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16. Set Time Zone pada posisi (GMT+80:00) klik Next.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirOxDI0s0liZ0W3_3RXmecAeM0V06ItY00kinrGWla3JNai2Pu9_4XAvuGRmo4B7g4KIlOJB3_ncOgmECIXKFn6bP-BsR4n8Y_yQ-anksAPpy4uSUHqxGXafJhZESAe45nOk_54E9Y1psK/s1600/14.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:center;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" height="214" width="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirOxDI0s0liZ0W3_3RXmecAeM0V06ItY00kinrGWla3JNai2Pu9_4XAvuGRmo4B7g4KIlOJB3_ncOgmECIXKFn6bP-BsR4n8Y_yQ-anksAPpy4uSUHqxGXafJhZESAe45nOk_54E9Y1psK/s320/14.png" /></a></div><br />
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17. Typical settings: Pada option ini settingan jaringan akan dibuat default windows dan Custom settings: Untuk mensetting jaringan kamu secara manual lalu klik Next.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXH8o5XdaufUZMto7Iz2XklenR21UBE92NxQXIdbNLlm2JR3K63pFGCg5_JUP3sfZat2Fqn6_L_v2kVKKnaXgUC7RpsYg5ikFKlpsd1s-mhMjgPWqqMesakHYJ1q4x9oahou5yy4jO_yme/s1600/15.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:center;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" height="214" width="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXH8o5XdaufUZMto7Iz2XklenR21UBE92NxQXIdbNLlm2JR3K63pFGCg5_JUP3sfZat2Fqn6_L_v2kVKKnaXgUC7RpsYg5ikFKlpsd1s-mhMjgPWqqMesakHYJ1q4x9oahou5yy4jO_yme/s320/15.png" /></a></div><br />
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18. Bila Kamu terhubung kejaringan local dengan domain pilih option Yes, lalu isi dengan nama DOMAIN yang sama dengan DOMAIN jaringan Kamu dan sebaliknya jika tidak terhubung kejaringan atau terhubung tapi tanpa DOMAIN pilih option No, sekali lagi tekan Next.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHeawFc58ik3i1lLFI8p_K-R4c5m4xdA6YBk7KQuGiW2K5mOuB1XLqrks1C8MndnWDu-qU5n4coAYqKR2J0HnTw7UuV0drHYBOyo7qVIPRA0nyOy0PXsn_1A2DKR2ZEYanZ4qpio0nKBo2/s1600/16.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:center;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" height="214" width="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHeawFc58ik3i1lLFI8p_K-R4c5m4xdA6YBk7KQuGiW2K5mOuB1XLqrks1C8MndnWDu-qU5n4coAYqKR2J0HnTw7UuV0drHYBOyo7qVIPRA0nyOy0PXsn_1A2DKR2ZEYanZ4qpio0nKBo2/s320/16.png" /></a></div><br />
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19. Selanjutnya Kamutinggal mengklik Ok,Next,Skip dan Finish juga diminta mengisikan nama kamu. hingga Kamu berada pada tampilan Dekstop Windows seperti ini. Sekarang Kamu tinggal menginstal driver hardware CPU Kamu.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_gluGVwhPyfANQqgfgvyDe86cymGDAyiLHhXzTQlz3OrLRtPGhRO4TainO3duWTbyXJYyyyNlcPZWdAR3EOwthp_k1JjCW9pOHwq8U0QNl9SCOphqAx-mYUs_lmLQ9JbGAFU09gccgWSk/s1600/17.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:center;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" height="225" width="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_gluGVwhPyfANQqgfgvyDe86cymGDAyiLHhXzTQlz3OrLRtPGhRO4TainO3duWTbyXJYyyyNlcPZWdAR3EOwthp_k1JjCW9pOHwq8U0QNl9SCOphqAx-mYUs_lmLQ9JbGAFU09gccgWSk/s320/17.jpg" /></a></div>ernamahyunihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12801893357456165272noreply@blogger.com1